To What Extent Did Public Opinion Shape International Politics in the First Half of the Twentieth Century’ Essay Example for Free

To What Extent Did Public Opinion Shape International Politics in the First Half of the Twentieth Century’ Essay The first half of the twentieth century was indeed a time in history in which things such as two of the most deadly wars, the Russian Revolution, the Great Depression, the foundation of the UN and the start of the Cold War took place. But, were these events at any point influenced by the views expressed by citizens?. This essay is going to discuss public opinion during the first half of the twentieth century. To do so, the essay uses a journal article on public opinion written by Hans Speier as a guideline of the essay. In order to understand the impact of public opinion on international affairs, we must firstly define what we mean by public opinion. According to Slavko Splichal, ‘the concept of public, publicness, publicity, public sphere and public opinion are among the most controversial, ambiguous and nontransparent concepts in the social sciences, that have been used consistently since the eighteen century’. ‘Public opinion’ he adds ‘supposedly developed into a â€Å"inner-media† of political system, a mirror â€Å"generated by mass media to regulate the watching of the observers’. Then, ‘who precisely were the decision makers? Monarchs, presidents, foreign ministers, staff chiefs, or a combination of these?’ In the early twentieth century, public opinion did not have much of an impact in foreign politics. Speier says that public opinion ‘in its early phase [†¦] showed a marked preoccupation with domestic affairs, i.e., with issues of immediate concern to the life of citizens’. On the other hand ‘foreign policy issues appeared less relevant, but they were expected to be ultimately relegated from the realm of power to that of discussion and agreement, as governments would become more enlightened’. And Speier emphasised that public opinion would only support going to war if that was something that ‘were in the interest of enlightened mankind’. As Mike Sharp, Ian Westwell and John Westwood say: ‘In most European countries public opinion in the years preceding 1914 had accepted the likelihood, to some extent even the desirability, of war’. Talking about the interest of enlightened mankind, Woodrow Wilson stated: ‘National purposes have fallen more and more into the background; and the common purpose of enlightened mankind has taken their place’. Moreover he added that ‘this is a people’s war, not a statesman’s’. But Speier states that it was just after the First World War, when the ‘faith in the power of public opinion to render world politics reasonable’ was called into question. Speier argues that this was due to a series of events. The first of these was the demise of the League of Nations, which failed to fulfill its purpose, namely to prevent the outbreak of a new world war. Moreover, US President Woodrow Wilson was an advocate of the League of Nations, yet his country refused to join the organisation. Despite Wilson’s description of the Great War as a ‘people’s war, not a statesman’s’ and his intentions to join the League of Nations, the Senate refused to join the organisation. This action showed that public opinion did not have much influence in fact; it appears that statesmen still played a big role in deciding issues of internal relations. Secondly, Speier mention the ‘disillusionment concerning the lofty war aims of the Allies and the general distrust of propaganda which spread between the two world wars’, as a large section of the public thought that the Allies’ aims were overly idealistic and, more importantly, those aims were not fulfilled. The human cost of the World War was enormous. People had lost their families from the trenches and the reports from the soldiers were awful. War wasn’t glamorous and against this perception, idealism could do very little. Thirdly, Speier talks about the rise of fascism and National Socialism as the main events for which people all around the World dismissed any chance that public opinion could had a possibility to change politics or at least to have a say. On the one hand the emergence of Benito Mussolini’s fascist dictatorship in Italy was the beginning of a fascist era around Europe. This was followed by the establishment of the Nazi party in Germany, which led to the outbreak of the Second World War. In these systems everything was under the control of the state. That means, that all media coverage, either, radio, newspapers or books were censored by the government in power, to make sure that nothing against the government could be said. Censorship was the biggest attack against the public opinion. People could not give their own opinion and demonstrations were forbidden. In a form of state like that, the only presumptions that one can make are that public opinion was almost defunct. People could only see what the people in power wanted to show them. Apart from that, we need to bear in mind that the systems in these countries went further than censorship but rather they believed in the power of propaganda defined by Garth S. Jowett Victoria O’Donnell trying ‘to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist’, made public opinion disappeared. Hitler for example said: ‘ â€Å"Propaganda, propaganda, propaganda. All that matters is propaganda† ’ and it worked, the public bought into the idea of a perfect race in Germany. And again in the Soviet Union, millions of kulaks were exterminated under the death silence of the State in 1918. Fourthly, another factor is ‘the absence of inspiring peace aims during the Second World War’. Hitler had in mind two main objectives for the Second World War, which were ‘ first, to established German control in Europe, and the second (which might well come after his lifetime) to wrest control of the seas and world domination from Britain and the USA’. Both aims were quite demoralising. In practice this meant that the war was prolonged more than expected, which caused a delayed in the freedom of the public opinion. Throughout the war, Hitler made the German people think that the war was about to be won; ever-new levies of recruits were needed for the last effort. Fifthly, another factor is ‘the sterility of the resistance movements in the realm of political ideas’. In Germany for example there was no Parliament and therefore parliamentary opposition was not possible. In Europe during the Second World War both sides had different successes, Germany, for example, had not one because of the great power of the GESTAPO. On the other hand, France had some success through the famous sabotage, and this made that some news were filtered in by the media in the West. Finally Speier mentioned, ‘the use of weapons of mass destruction in the attainment of victory’. A clear example of this was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 that left ‘up to 140,000 reported dead by the end of the year’ an event which did not help to show people the end of the war and to convince the Japanese public that they faced annihilation if they continued the war. Those events mentioned above were the cause of ‘demoralization [†¦] in the power of public opinion’ just after the First World War. To sum up, at the beginning if the twentieth century public opinion had a role in International Politics but it was just after the demise of the League of Nations, the disillusionment concerning the lofty war aims of the Allies, the rise of Fascism and National Socialism, the absence of inspiring peace aims during the Second World War, etc. that the World lost its confidence on public opinion as a way to change politics.

Fireworks Essay example -- Chemistry Fireworks Essays

Fireworks How do fireworks produce their brilliant colors and loud bangs? To produce the noise and flashes, an oxidizer (an oxidizing agent) and a fuel (reducing agent) are used. The oxidizer oxidizes the fuel in a very exothermic reaction which produces a brilliant flash and a loud report from the rapidly expanding gases produced. For a color effect, an element with a colored emission spectrum is included. Electrons in atoms can be raised to higher-energy orbitals when the atoms absorb energy. The excited atoms can then release this excess energy by emitting light of specific wavelengths, often in the visible region. In fireworks, the energy to excite the electrons comes from the reaction between the oxidizer and fuel. Fireworks are usually made out of the following items; an oxidizing agent, a fuel (reducing agent), a coloring agent, binders and regulators. These mixed together are what make up the basic fireworks: Oxidizers The first thing in a firework is the oxidizing agent. These produce the Oxygen to burn the mixture. Oxidizers are usually nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates. The common oxidizers are nitrates. These are made up of a metal ion and the nitrate ion. I'll use potassium nitrate as an example. Nitrates only give up 1/3 of their oxygen. The resulting equation would look something like this: 2KNO3 ---> 2KNO2 + O2 The next Oxidizers are chlorates are also made up of a metal ion and then the chlorate ion...

Thesis Sample

Thesis sample ******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 se conds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files yo u download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or su ggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at givemefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. om/phpBB3******GIVEMEFREEART. COM******* About This File Resolution: 1280Ãâ€"720 Run time: 26 seconds Codec Used: photo jpeg File Type: Quicktime Created by: Logan Kenesis Programs Used to make it: After effects Cinema4d Thank you for downloading i hope you enjoy it If you like the art here at giv emefreeart. com Help Support Us here is how 1. Make a donation 2. Sign up for our Newsletter on the homepage 3. Participate in the forums 4. Comment on the files you download 5. Link to our website in your projects or on your website If you have any questions or suggestions please post them in the forum here http://givemefreeart. com/phpBB3 Thesis Sample Lyceum of the Philippines University Research and Publications Center RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1. 0 (Working)/ Title : An Assessment on the Impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros Restoration| 2. 0 Name of ProponentFrance Kayla M. VillamorH-444B| 2. 1 College/DepartmentCollege of International Tourism and Hospitality Management| 3. 0 Statement of the Problem Generally, the study seeks to assess the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros.The researcher would like to know if the said subset of Cultural Tourism can have a great effect in the program of the Department of Tourism in restoring a heritage site of Intramuros. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 2. 1 Age 2. 2 Gender 2. 3 Frequency of visit in Intramuros1. 3. a Local tourist1. 3. b. Foreign tourist 2. 4 Reasons for visiting Intramuros 2. What are the programs being implemented to restore Intramuros? 3. 5 By the Department of Tourism 3. By the Intramuros AdministrationAmong these programs, what are for Gastronomic Tourism? 3. What is the current status of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros? 4. How can Gastronomic Tourism be beneficial to capture a huge volume of tourists coming in to Intramuros? 5. What are the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros? Objectives of the Study (Formulate the research objectives) 1. To collect the profile of the respondents visiting Fort Santiago. 2. To list the programs being implemented to restore Intramuros by the Department of Tourism and Intramuros Administration; and to classify what is for Gastronomic Tourism. . To know the current status of Gastronomic Tourism in Intramuros. 4. To analyze the benefits of developing Gastronomic Tourism in capturing a huge volume of tourists coming in to Intramuros. 5. To enumerate the effects of Gastronomic Tourism in the restoration of Intramuros. | 4. 0 Background of the Study (Discuss the significance of the study, how the study contributes to existing knowledge, social relevance of the study, basic assumptions as well as the scope and limitation of the study) World Tourism Organization (2009) defines Tourism as, â€Å"It omprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. † Tourism in general has two forms; Mass Tourism and Alternative Tourism. Mass Tourism represents the traditional transportation of large scale of people in a short period of time, while Alternative Tourism represents a modern small-scale tourism.Furthermore, Alternative Tourism is classified from Natural Tourism, Cultural Tourism, Events Tourism, and other forms of Tourism. UNWTO’s Tourism 2020 Vision forecasts that international arrivals will reach 1. 6 billion by the year 2020. East A sia and the Pacific is on the second place in the top three regions that are expected to have a high volume of tourist arrivals of with a number of 397 million. According to the Department of Tourism (DoT), the volume of tourists from January to April 2012 has increased by 14. 61% from last year’s 1,306,944 to this year’s 1,497,851.Koreans are still in the 1st rank on the most numbered of tourist which accumulates to 330,343 which is 22. 05% of the total visitor inflow. Followed by Americans with a figure of 239,978 which is 16. 02% of visitor share. National Statistical Census Board (NSCB) used the 2010 data from DoT offices and come up that Metro Manila has 2. 3 million domestic arrivals. (Expat, 2012) One of the most popular tourist destinations in Manila is the walled city of Intramuros. It was built on 1571 by the Spaniards during their occupation.It came from Latin words â€Å"intra muros† which literally means â€Å"within the walls†. It is the old est district in Manila that is surrounded by thick, high walls. (Philippine Country) In 2003, former DoT Secretary Richard Gordon has chosen Intramuros to be the venue of â€Å"Best of Regions† – a year-long event for the â€Å"Visit Philippines 2003†. (Manila Bulletin, 2003)————————————————- In able to help in the preservation of the historical place of Intramuros, the researcher aims to assess the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in the area. ———————————————— | 5. 0 Significance of the Study Research is an important tool to help specific group/s of individual to test, to evaluate, and to discover new things that will be later beneficial to them. Developing Gastronomic Tourism in a historical place like Intramuros can have a great effect to th e local community and to other related areas of Tourism. This study aims to benefit the following groups. 1. Department of Tourism. An increase in the volume of tourists coming in to your locality is a good indication of a growing industry.It is directly proportional to employment, income, and infrastructure. It also reflects the potential of the place in the field of tourism. 2. Intramuros Administration. The result will give them the information on how can Gastronomic Tourism affects the tourism business in Intramuros. 3. Travel Brokers. This includes Travel Agents and Travel Wholesalers that offer tour packages in Intramuros. They can attract more tourism consumer especially foreign tourists by including a more personal Filipino experience than their usual travel pattern. . Foreign and Local Tourists. One of the reasons why people travel is to satisfy their gastronomical cravings. Giving them the chance to experience authentic Filipino cuisine from different regions of the countr y by just visiting one place can help them to save time and money. 5. LPU. A huge part of the school’s population is from the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management; hence this research may be useful to the students from the said college as their reference material. 6.Future Researchers. Tourism and Culinary related courses are now on its peak; the result of this study can give other students further information that they can be used in the future. | 6. 0 Scope and Limitation (with population and sample) The study will focus on Gastronomic Tourism, a subset of Cultural Tourism, wherein the researcher will enumerate all programs being imposed by the Department of Tourism and Intramuros Administration in order to restore the heritage site of Intramuros.This information will be used in weighing the impacts of Gastronomic Tourism in restoration of Intramuros and in weighing the current status and development of the said subset of Tourism. The researcher will give out survey questionnaire which will be delimited to international and domestic tourists coming in at Fort Santiago, Intramuros. The researcher will get the average number of tourist (N) from July 9 to 11, 2012 at 8a. m. to 5p. m. and will use the Slovin’s formula to come up to the total number of respondents (n) that will be used in the study.There will be an age bracket to maintain the reliability of data that will be gathered. | 7. 0 Working Bibliography (Include bibliography and web bibliography) 1. www. world-tourism. org 2. Best of Metro in Intramuros. Retrieved from October13, 2004, http://www. travelsmart. net/article/105571/ 3. Intramuros Manila Philippines. Retrieved from 2006, www. philippinecountry. com/philippine_tourist_spot/intramuros. html 4. Ramos, R. (2012, June24-July7).Battle Over Top Tourist Destination Not Over Yet? Expat, pp. 1| 8. 0 Gantt Chart of Activities| Type of Activity| June| July| | | | Gantt Chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | R efine your topic with your advisor| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Approval of topic| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Draft of chapter 1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Submission of research proposal chapter 1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 9. 0 Research Related Costs| |Details| Amount (in Pesos)| Printing| | Panel Fees| | Research Binding (LPU Publications Office)| | 10. 0 Profile of ResearcherName: France Kayla M. Villamor Age:20 Gender: Female| | Birthdate: July 17, 1992 Course: BSIHM-HRA| | | | Proposal Evaluation Rating: _______| Endorsed by:Leonardo Hogar D. R. D. M_______ | Evaluated by:Joseph Monzon_______________| Evaluated by:_Dr. Gerald Abergos| Research Adviser | Research Panelist| Research Panelist|

Childhood Depression And Attention Deficit Hyperactivity...

Childhood Mental Disorders, such as anxiety, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, are chronic health conditions that present between birth and age 18.1 Mental disorders are characterized as a â€Å"combination of abnormal thoughts, emotions, and behaviors†2 that may impair a child’s functioning in school, at home, and in everyday life. They are caused by a combination of biological and environmental factors i.e. a family history of anxiety and living below the poverty line. CDC estimates that twenty percent of children in the United States currently suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder3 yet 75-80% of affected individuals do not receive necessary mental health services.4 The underutilization of mental health services may†¦show more content†¦$1 billion is spent annually on medical costs associated with children and adolescents’ attempted and completed suicides, 90% of which are committed by mentally disordered individuals. Mental disorders also impose devastating costs on children’s social and emotional wellbeing by impacting the child’s ability to regulate impulses and emotions, understand feelings, develop empathy and confidence, form relationships, and communicate effectively. Children with unidentified mental disorders experience increased rates of involvement with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. The National Alliance of Mental Health estimates that more 70% of incarcerated youth have at least one diagnosable mental disorder. Adolescents with mental disorders are also significantly more likely to make lower grades and to drop out of high school; 10% of high school dropouts may be attributable to untreated mental disorders. III. Landscape President Obama In his 2013 budget proposal, President Obama set forth the Now Is The Time initiative, which emphasized the need to place mental disorders in young children and adolescents on the national agenda. President Obama proposed a $235 million dollar school-safety and mental health plan that would focus on the prevention, early identification, and treatment of mental disorders by training teachers to identify signs of