Factors Responsible for the Change in Coca Cola Company

Factors responsible for the change in coca cola company Change Management in Coca-Cola Corporation Change is significant, prolonged and disruptive In this attribute, change in an organization includes venturing into new areas of business, such as entering new products in the new market, facing an unexpected event such as economic crisis and redirection of the company. Change is a continuous process of alignment According to (), an aligned organisation must have a continuous synchronization of the important management levers such as strategy, operation, culture and reward.Moreover, discussed that in these management levers, the managers, chief executive officers and supervisors are responsible for manipulating and rearranging both the human and non-human elements. In addition, discussed that change is an important aspect in the business world especially in technology and innovation, from simple technologies and procedures up to more complex operating environments, nowadays technologie s and products are coming together to achieve a common conclusion or objective. Organisations that resist changes will inevitably face wider exposure to risks and losses.There are a number of situations in which change is necessary within the organisation such as technological advancement that is being utilised by different companies in order to cope up with the competition. Aside from what was mentioned earlier, there are still many issues and concerns that are necessary for change in the organisation, however the most substantial thing is that organisations acknowledge that changes happen constantly for different reasons and the management must address these changes as soon as possible to prevent great losses.Why an organisation does undergo changes? What are the factors and reasons for undertaking it? According to MacCalman and Parton the most influential factor in changes in organisations is the external environment which instigates reaction. Some of the examples given by MacCal man and Parton in the external environment that triggers changes in the organisation are: †¢Changes in technology being utilised †¢Changes in the tastes and expectations of the consumers †¢Changes due to competition †¢Changes because of legislation by the government Changes due to modifications in the economy whether locally or internationally †¢Changes in the communications media †¢Changes in the value systems of the society †¢Changes in the supply chain †¢Changes in the distribution chain The second factor that initiates change in the organisation is the internal changes which are the reactions of the organisation to the external changes. Aside from the responses there are also some factors that contribute to the internal changes, an example of this is a new marketing strategy for existing and new products.And finally, changes in organisation happen if they try to act in advance in order to deal with the expected risks and difficulty. An exa mple is when an organisation anticipates the problems that may occur and creates and devises plans to combat and negate the impact of those problems. Change Management Nickols (2006) has four basic definitions of change management, according to him it is a task of managing changes, a field of professional practice, a body of knowledge and information and a control mechanism.Task of Managing Change- Nickols defined managing changes as â€Å"the devising of transformation in a planned and systematic fashion. † He stated that the main objective of managing change is to efficiently implement new techniques and methods within the organisation, moreover the changes to be handled depends upon the control of the organisation. Aside from the definition mentioned earlier, Nickols also has a second definition on managing changes and it is â€Å"the reactions to changes in which the organisation has no control. â€Å" Area of Professional Practice- in what way professional practice cam e into managing changes?Are there any relations between the two? Years ago, managing changes in a corporation is done by the management, supervisors, and CEO of the company, but nowadays with the constant change in the concepts of business and evolution of new theories a number of people have developed firms that particularly addresses the issues regarding managing changes. According to Nickols there are a number of individuals and consulting firms that declare they engaged in activities that involves planned change and that the firm exercises change management practices.A Body of Knowledge- The body of knowledge in change management according to Nickols includes the following, models, methods and techniques, tools and various forms of knowledge that constructs the change management practice. Moreover, Nickols discussed that the content of change management is influence by sociology, psychology, business administration, industrial engineering, economics, systems engineering and huma n and organisational behaviour. Control Mechanism- over the past years groups and individuals handling the information systems of organisation have tried to control and direct changes to the applications and systems of the company.External Environment- over the past decades, the Coca-Cola Company has faced a number of changes in the external environment that have transformed the management of the company. One of the best examples is during the World War II. The company was able to maintain the status of the company, at the same time, was able to enter new markets despite the environment. Instead of lying-low because of the war, the company became more aggressive through providing free drinks for the GIs during the World War II. Through this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone.First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a patriotic symbol by the United States soldiers in which led to consumer loyalty. Second, the company was able to take adv antage of the situation and established the product in newly-occupied countries by the Ally forces and because of that the company established plants in various locations worldwide paving the way for its post-war expansion. Another aspect in the external environment is the change of taste and expectations of the consumers.During the mid-1980s wherein the Americans favoured the sweet taste of the rival product, the company created its counterpart but became a commercial failure; however instead of backing down, Coca-Cola changed its management strategy and returned the old formula, and just renamed it as Coca-Cola Classic. And with the rise of obesity in the United States and consumers became health conscious the company released new versions of Coke in order to address the needs of these type of consumers, such products include Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero.In addition, according to Bool (2007) companies such as Coca-Cola are compulsory to transform due to trends that have a huge imp act on their business, and one of these trends is the health and fitness. A number of people are noe investing more in their health, and in order to keep up with the trend, Coca-Cola introduced their new product which is a calorie burning soft drink, the Enviga. Moreover, Coca-Cola is collaborating with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca-Cola is dealing with innovation and change. During the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca- Cola was also triggered to change its course of management in that particular region.The responses and reactions of Coca-Cola with the external environment are its internal changes. Internal Changes- as mentioned earlier, Asia experienced its financial crisis in 1997. According to (2002) as the financial crisis swept the Asian region, the chief executive officer, responded to this by mobilising his executives to workshops about how Coca-Cola would seize new growth opportunities. stated that Coca-Cola gave emphasis on acquisition opportunities, Coca-Cola bought acquired bottling business in South Korea which gave more access in retail stores in South Korea, as well as, better entry in China, Japan and Malaysia.Coca-Cola disregarded its country-defined market perspective and focused on regional strategic view and acquired local brands of tea and coffee. In the case of health trends and changing taste of the consumers, Coca-Cola responded to this through innovation and change. Innovation is accomplished through development of new products such as the Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and other variants of Coke. The change is incited by the trend in health and fitness and consumer tastes which had an impact on the business of Coca-Cola.

Religion, Poverty and Wealth Essay

Describe how followers of this religion may put their ideas into practice. Helping others is a big part of being a Christian, because of the importance of the commandment â€Å"Love thy neighbour†. Since the 19th Century, Christians have been setting up homes for the poor and needy. However recently there has been an increase in awareness of poorer people, putting more pressure on people to help others. A very popular way of helping others is by setting up, and giving to charities. There are many different charities, both Christian and non-Christian, which offer a wide range of help. The Church of England Children’s Society helps to better the lives of underprivileged children; The Hospice Movement aims to help the dying spend their last days in a loving, caring environment; the L’Arche Community helps disabled people. Christian Aid is one of the most famous Christian charities. It was set up in Britain and Ireland at the end of the Second World War, with its main aims being to improve the quality of peoples lives, particularly those of refugees who were struggling to cope with the aftermath of World War II. It also funded Churches to help repair damage caused by the war. Gradually over time, the work of Christian Aid began to involve other countries around the world. It now has an income of approximately à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 million a year, and there are forty churches in the United Kingdom and Ireland who are a part of Christian Aid. Most of the money, which they make through door-to-door collections and donations from members of the public and various churches, is put towards development work to help people in the long term. Another famous charitable organisation is The Samaritans. The Samaritans was set up in 1953 when Chad Varah, a priest, was horrified to find out that three suicides took place every day in London. He believed that the best way to help someone who was contemplating committing suicide was to talk to them. So he set up a phone in his church and advertised that people could phone for helpful advice if they were feeling suicidal. Today The Samaritans speak to 2 250 000 people a year. Aside from charities, many Christians feel that they should give a small percentage of their wages to help the less fortunate. Sir John Templeton grew up in a poor family on a farm in Tennessee. He was educated at both Yale and Oxford University, after which he became a financial consultant in New York. Throughout his life he gave 10% of his earnings to help the poor (a process called ‘tithing’). Eventually he became very wealthy running a multimillion dollar investment company, where he successfully managed funds for over two million people worldwide. In 1972 he started the Templeton prize to be awarded for progress in religion, which is worth more money than the Nobel Peace Prize. Fifteen years later he was knighted for ‘services to philanthropy’. In 1992, he sold his investment company for a colossal $400 million. He still gives money to support projects around the world which further understanding of spirituality and the importance of the human character. George Macleod felt so strongly about helping others that, in 1938, he formed a Christian Community on Iona, an island off of Scotland. He found volunteers to learn building, stone masonry and carpentry skills and together they rebuilt Iona’s ruined abbey. After that he opened a centre to provide shelter for young people from across the world, and to allow them to live in a close community. The people of the community feel it is more important to live like this and share everything than to be rich and not live as closely. They take it in turns to cook, clean, garden and work away. When they are not working, they pray. This is very similar to the ideas expressed by Jesus according to the Bible. The first Christians followed Jesus’ teachings very closely. â€Å"All the believers were together and had everything in common. Selling their possessions and goods, they gave to anyone as he had need.† Not only are there many passages in the Bible that tell Christians how to treat the poor, there are also some in the Old Testament. â€Å"Share your food with the hungry and open your homes to the homeless poor. Give clothes to those who have nothing to wear.† Isaiah 58:6-8 Another example of how Christians helped the poor was the Liberation Theology movement. This started in the late 1960’s when the poorer inhabitants of South American countries decided that they didn’t want to be exploited any more. They made a decision to stand against the corrupt governments, with inspiration from the words of Jesus: â€Å"The Spirit of the Lord is upon me for he has appointed me to preach good news to the poor.† The Christian followers of Liberation Theology try to fight out against poverty, lack of human rights and the exploitation of certain peoples. Many Priests, especially Oscar Romero, involved in this endanger their lives by speaking out against their government. Romero knew he was in danger, but felt that it was his Christian duty to fight against oppression and injustice. He was shot dead in March 1980 whilst conducting mass. In South America, many people see him as a great martyr. The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: â€Å"God blesses those who come to the aid of the poor and rebukes those who turn away from them.† All Christians feel it is their duty to God to help the poor and needy, and to be kind to those who need their kindness.

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Geography - Essay Example The recent innovations would not change the world of work substantially. Higher literacy rate and increased research intensity majorly caused the growth of income in the later half of the 20th century. Finiteness of growth of these elements is a cause of halt in income growth. The rate of progress today is very slow compared to what it was from the start to the mid 20th century. Computer age is omnipresent but has failed to increase productivity like the innovations of the late 19th century did until the quarter of the 20th century. Innovation and technology are used interchangeably but the two terms are different. A hindrance in future innovation is poorly crafted regulations. The role of government as well as energy has changed in the transition from the late 20th to the 21st century. Globalization is one of the factors that caused the productivity slowdown since 1970s, though it also serves as an opportunity since any idea generated spreads world over. The real risk for advanced e conomies is the rigidity of institutions toward accommodation of changes that are truly revolutionary rather than the slow pace of innovation. Reflection I think that the pace of innovation has not slowed down. In fact, the speed with which the research and development is taking place today far exceeds any achieved in the past centuries. This article has more discussed the effect of innovation and new technologies on business, commerce, and everyday life rather than innovation itself. Considering the innovation aspect, the fact that every year brings along with it new models and upgraded specifications of almost every gadget that we have ranging from the cars to mobile phones provides evidence of the speed of innovation. So saying that innovation is not happening any more would be far from reality. Nevertheless, it is undoubtedly true that human life has never been impacted as much by innovation and new technology as it has been impacted from the start till the first quarter of the 20th century. The reason behind the decline in the impact of innovation on human life in the present age compared to the past is not just limited to the rigid attitude of the organizations and institutions toward sustaining the traditional ways of working. While it is an important factor, the reasons for the decline in innovation’s impact on human life extend beyond it to include the fact that the merits of adjusting the systems according to new technologies today are not as enormous as they were in the past. This is because of the fact that the general lifestyle of people a century ago or before that and the systems of trade and commerce were far less advanced than what they are today and had a lot of room for adjustment and improvement. Therefore, the decline has basically not happened in the speed of innovation. Instead, the decline has happened in the tendency of the systems to be improved probably because the existing systems address the fundamental needs of the society in many ways. Although there is growing concern about the safety of environment, yet this fact cannot be denied that the practices that have led to deterioration of the environmental health and safety are addressing the economic and various other needs of the society. One point that has been made in the article and which I disagree with is that the omnipresence of computer age has not increased the productivity the way the 19th century’s innovations did. Saying this is unfair because it undermines all the improvement in

Play review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Play review - Essay Example The play has two major acts and one captivating finale. The first act involves a 20-year-old woman, Sophie, deeply in love with a man named Sky and happily engaged. However, she does not have the ability to go down the aisle with her father alongside because she does not know her. This leads to her endeavor of finding out her father. The second act involves Sophie in a dilemma as to who her father is after three possible candidates show up all willing to accompany her down the aisle (Craymer 127). The performance was enchanting from the manner in which the actors brought out the plot in a sophisticated yet simple manner to understand. The way in which facial expressions of the actor playing Sophie’s role appeared was rather interesting. This is from the diverse moods that the plot offers with regard to Sophie. There were those times according to the plot when Sophie was happy and exhilarated like spending time with her fiancà © and there are those confused and sad moments where she has no idea what to do having in mind that the wedding is nearing and that she is yet to identify her real father. All these different situations were offered a rather exclusive and comprehensive approach through facial expressions and stage maintenance not only by the main cast but also by the support characters making the play exquisite. However, the manner in which the vocals of the actors were presented was rather unsatisfactory. This is from the fact that the actors did not fully explore their full potential. This is further revealed from the manner in which the cast did not change their vocal cords in relation to the specific scenes that they were acting. Some of the scenes required intonation such as the point where Sophie was angry with the three probable fathers for not being honest enough to let the real one stand out. At this point, the intonation was supposed to be high with rage but the actor taking Sophie’s role appeared

Managerial economics individual work week 12 Essay

Managerial economics individual work week 12 - Essay Example However, saying that you will open a given type of business because you are good in one thing would be a myth. That is because they do not always lead to successful ventures as other factors such as demand, opportunities and resources also affect performance of the venture. It is a myth to say that the customer is always right. In as much as the customer may be right in how he or she feels, they are usually wrong on many occasions. Businesses just use the statement to bend to the customer’s demands. However, the best approach would be to win the customer over and try to convince them to make a purchase. Thinking that you can open a store, and people will walk, is a thought founded on a myth. For customers to visit a shop, they must first be aware of its existence. Therefore, one needs to create this awareness through marketing or advertising. Also, customers do not just walk in unless you have what they need. Coming up with an idea and concluding that everyone will love it forms a myth. An idea may be great, but not everyone will love it. An idea will succeed if it meets the needs of people and also if the timing is good. Everyone loves quality. However, it would be a myth to say that quality guarantees success. That is because apart from quality, success also requires other factors such as a good marketing strategy, pricing strategy and even good customer relations. It is a myth to say that more people increase the speed of a project. On the contrary, more people may slow down the project. A large number slows down decision making as there is need to consult every time. Also, there may be conflicts during execution as the people may have different ideas of how to carry out the execution. To say failure is bad would propagate a myth. Failure is not the opposite of success. In fact, it is one step towards success. Failure helps us learn our weaknesses and mistakes. It makes us reflect on our decisions that led to the failure. One can,

Corporate Governance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate Governance - Case Study Example There was the lack of faith since the association was not sufficient enough. There was also lack of faith making the affiliation have some distance. During the old times, firing was mantle and euphemized. Long ago, Corporate embraced the straightforward system of firing to outline dismissals. Many panels took some pleasure in announcing to the world that they dismissed an individual (Feintzeig 1). While currently, staff are sent off softly with a declaration that the leader would step down to be with family for some time or follow other importance. However, at present, businesses go to the extent of declaring that the bosses have been dismissed and even go a step forward to give features. Supervising and dismissal is an element of the board of directors because, corporate supremacy is their responsibility. The board of directors presides over the corporation keeping an eye on the organization and stands for the concern of the company’s shareholders. Companies must have their director’s vote for by the investors. Therefore, they have a fiduciary obligation to their investors, who are their firm’s proprietor. The managers as well as commercial officials can be apprehended legally responsible for deteriorating to convene their fiduciary obligation to investors (Feintzeig 2). Firing for cause is based on little set of reasons in connection to the worker’s conduct such as disobedience. It means that the action by the worker has permanently injured the connection among the boss and the worker. While in termination with no reason, the worker is being dismissed for motives that do not connect to bad behavior. Those dismissed are normally given some money. Being fired for or no grounds, when the employee did not do anything, depends on the service rank and particularly on whether the worker is on at-will member of staff. The stigma of being dismissed was a major shock. It also consequences to despair, increase prime rates and scarcity in

Information Technology Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Technology Security - Essay Example Some of the dominant means of managing confidentiality on systems encompass access control lists, traditional Unix file permissions, and file and volume encryption. Encryption guarantees that only the right people deserving access can read the information (Bidgoli 2006, p.40). Discussion The integrity of information refers to safeguarding information from modification by unauthorized parties and ensuring that the information is complete and authentic. The key to this component entails safeguarding data from adjustment or deletion by unauthorized parties, and guaranteeing that when authorized parties effect changes that should not have been made; the damage rendered can be readily undone (Andress 2011, p.17). In line with data confidentiality, cryptography plays a central function in guaranteeing data integrity. Some of the dominant methods employed to safeguard data integrity entail hashing the data received and comparing the received data with the original message. Better convenient methods may entail utilization of existing schemes such as GPG to sign the data digitally (Bishop 2004, p.26). Availability of information details ensuring that authorized parties can gain access to the information if need be. ... Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, found in a retail bank with an online banking service In safeguarding data privacy/confidentiality, banks utilize cryptography, which details the art of storing and transmitting confidential information. Similarly, in guaranteeing assurance of data non-alteration, banks employ digital signatures and hash algorithms to avail data integrity (Calder and Bon 2009, p.4). In pursuit of timely and reliable access to data service for authorized access, banks employ high availability protocols, system hardware devoid of any single points of failure, and fully redundant network architectures to guarantee system reliability and robustness (Sarlak and Hastiani 2011, p.40). Other ways to guarantee information confidentiality encompass enforcing file permissions and access control list to limit access to sensitive information (Bidgoli 2003, p.427). Underlying the objective of confidentiality entails authentication methods such as user-ID and passwords t hat distinctly highlight a data system’s users, and supporting control methods that restrain each identified user’s access to the data system’s resources. Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability, found in an online retailer Encryption is widespread in contemporary business environment and manifest in almost every protocol, in use. SSL/TSL details a security protocol for communication over the internet has overtime been employed, in conjunction with a broad range on internet protocols, to guarantee security (Whitman and Mattord 2012, p.501). A second firewall, which remains heavily fortified, connects e-commerce servers. The online retailer can

Analysis of Indian hotel industry and Hotel Blueberry international Research Paper

Analysis of Indian hotel industry and Hotel Blueberry international - Research Paper Example In terms of five star high standard hotels, there is limited competition among the suppliers as there are limited substitutes of Spa and other five-star hotel services. On the other hand, the two star and three-star hotels have several options of suppliers who used to provide services in low cost. Therefore, it is feasible that threat of suppliers’ bargaining power is moderate for Hotel Blueberry International. Buyer’s Power The metro cities and developing towns of India are very much competitive for the two and three-star hotel industry. Blueberry is entering in this kind of market segment. The target market will be very much price-sensitive and hence the newly developed hotel has to face high bargaining power of customers. Threat of Substitute In India, the substitute of low-cost two and three-star hotels are several guest house, motels and dormitories. If price-sensitive people find that the price of hotel room night crossing their budget then they can switch to those substitutes. Therefore, it can be feasible that the threat of substitute is moderate for Hotel Blueberry International. Several international hotel chains are entering in India and are tying up with the Indian hotels in order to reduce the initial cost. Moreover, high brand image and customer brand loyalty of The TAJ, HHI, Leela Palace and ITC will make the thing difficult for the new entrants who are thinking to enter in this competitive industry. Therefore, it is feasible that threat of new entrants for Hotel Blueberry International is high. ... If price-sensitive people find that the price of hotel room night crossing their budget then they can switch to those substitutes. Therefore, it can be feasible that the threat of substitute is moderate for Hotel Blueberry International. Threat of New Entrants Several international hotel chains are entering in India and are tying up with the Indian hotels in order to reduce the initial cost. Moreover, high brand image and customer brand loyalty of The TAJ, HHI, Leela Palace and ITC will make the thing difficult for the new entrants who are thinking to enter in this competitive industry. Therefore, it is feasible that threat of new entrants for Hotel Blueberry International is high. Industry Rivalry Indian low cost hotel industry is full of several potential two and three star hotels. Moreover, day-by-day due to economic slowdown and price hike in several products has made the people very much price sensitive. Therefore, it is feasible that threat of industry rivalry is high for the H otel Blueberry International. General Environment The general environment analysis will determine the impacts of external environmental factors on the Indian hotel industry. Political Several environment related regulations has restricted the business operation of this industry in India. Several difficulties in getting travel visas to India can affect the industry. Moreover, several terrorist activities and political dilemmas may create a negative impact on Indian hotel industry. Economical India is economically developing country and the Indian hotel industry is contributing a major role on the country’s GDP growth. Tourism and Hospitality sector of India is very much potential business sector. India was among those few countries that have

Superior's balance sheet Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Superior's balance sheet Report - Essay Example The working capitals for Superior Living for the three years are computed as follows: The above calculations clearly highlights that Superior Living has had a steady working capital which is adequately higher than the current liabilities of the company. However, if the company aims at entering into newer projects and investments, the company would require to have a higher working capital. The ration of the current assets and current liabilities is referred to current ratio. The current ratio highlights the liquidity position of the firm and this also highlights the ability of the firm to cover the current liabilities with the help of the current assets. The ratio between the ready cash assets and the current liabilities is referred to as the quick ratio. This is calculated as current assets – inventories – prepaid expenses. The liquidity ratios for Superior Living are computed as follows: Superior Living’s ratio has been at a steady around 2 for the three years. This is a strong indication of good liquidity within the company. It is interesting to note that the inventories form a large portion of the current assets and they cannot be readily liquefied. The ideal quick ration is 1:1 however the company has a much lower ratio and accounts to 0.55. This highlights the fact that the short term cash needs and solvency of the company can be hard to meet (Burks and Wilks, 2007). Hence the company needs to improve the cash assets. Superior living’s short term debts and long term debts are as in the table below. Short term debts refers to the ones which are due within a year which the long term debts refers to the ones due in more than one year (Samuels et al, 2000). Superior highlights a very low gearing ratio and is as low as 2% - 3% for the three years. It is essential to note that despite the increase in the long term debt, there is no evident change in the debt equity ratio. The company is not utilizing its borrowing abilities as an optimum gearing

Support letter for my professors nomination Essay

Support letter for my professors nomination - Essay Example Nobody has ever been given the correct answer by her, but he has to input his contribution so to receive the answer of his inquired question. This sparks curiosity in pupils and they tend to investigate more on the topic, which eventually develops analytical skills in them. We are not forced to study neither we receive home works, which makes learning mundane, but we are rather taught in such a manner that we become keen for answers our self. Miss Amber has a specific style of teaching she can make most insignificant and out of the light concepts interesting to us. She has challenged our general approach of thinking and even I feel that she pushes us to the edge of every aspect, where we have to think critically about everything around us. She makes us wonder why we never paid attention towards such astonishing things in the universe and how they should be understood in terms of their very nature and

The Perfect Copy (Unraveling the Cloning Debate) by Nicholas Agar Essay Example for Free

The Perfect Copy (Unraveling the Cloning Debate) by Nicholas Agar Essay Nicholas Agar is a professor of ethics and a senior lecturer at Victoria University of Wellington (VUW). Agar has an MA from VUW and a PhD from the Australian National University. He has been teaching at VUW since 1996. He has been known as an expert writer particularly in the field of genetics and ethics. In his book The Perfect Copy: Unraveling The Cloning Debate, he attempts to unravels the science and the ethics of cloning and proposes ideas on how we should face this highly controversial topic.   To clone or not to clone, that is the question that is in the center of one of the most controversial debates within the scientific community today. The present technology today has given our imagination an opportunity to deal with the perils and possibilities of cloning. Even Hollywood has ridden the cloning bandwagon and has turned out many films which exploit the topic.   Although these films are a departure to what is possible, they still manage to pique our imagination and implant in us false notions and promises. These past few years, with the advances made in regards to cloning, the ethics of this act has become a great issue. Both sides present valid reasons to defend their claim. The debate over the morality of cloning human beings becomes a debate over contrasting images of cloning. The method of moral consistency may not give us a simple permitted or not permitted answer. The reason is that no single familiar practice will resemble cloning in every morally interesting respect. In all likelihood, we will end up constructing a moral image of cloning out of a variety of familiar activities and practices. It is often pointed out that cloning differs from the natural sexual way of having children. Some say that this unnaturalness alone suffices to make cloning wrong. A solid rebuttal to this is that things deemed unnatural but have received no objection like insulin shots, airplanes, and life saving medicine are a integral part of mainstream society. If you would follow the unnatural proposal, these things must also be unallowed. The main concern in ethics is the unease which people have regarding cloning. This instinctive revulsion is said to be due to ingrained wisdom or to an upset stomache. Agar argues that if this was the basis to oppose cloning, then it is very unscientific and flimsy. Moral progress is all about subjecting sub-rational moral urges and aversions to rational scrutiny. The word clone obtains it etymological origin from the greek word klon meaning branch. Clones are copies of organisms currently or previously existing with the exact same nuclear DNA. They do not result from a sexually beginning and thus are not genetically different from their parent organism. In our world, clones are the rule rather than the exception. Most low level organisms like algae, bacteria, lower vertebrates, and plants use cloning as a means to ensure their reproductive survival. The case of twins is a clear example of cloning which occurs in nature, even among human beings. Twins come from one egg that divides into two. There is cloning from the moment when multiplication begins to produce two genetically identical children. Cloning ensures that the exact genetic code of the parent is passed on as opposed to sex where only half of each parent is transmitted. This makes cloning more efficient in ensuring the survival of a genetically fit species. One technology that has been used to create clones is reproductive cloning. An example of this is Dolly, the first ever cloned sheep. Dolly was cloned using the process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).   A reconstructed egg which derives its genetic material from an adult donor is electrified or treated chemically. The resulting cloned embryo is then implanted unto the uterus of a female host. It is relevant to point out that clones produced by using nuclear transfer technology are not a truly identical clone of the parent animal. This is because nuclear DNA composes only 99.7% of the actual heritable data. The rest are found in genes located in the mitochondria. There are numerous barriers in cloning humans. Aside from the legal and social issues still currently being debated, cloning with today’s technology is also very inefficient and dangerous. Cloning technology today is highly expensive. Also the success rate is dismal with only less than 10% of cloning attempts achieving success. Also, clones have relatively poor health, and are susceptible to diseases, tumors and other illnesses. And clones like the first cloned sheep of Australia have been known to die without known cause. Scientist theorize that these defects are due to errors in the reprogramming process. However there has been several claims by Clonaid and Italian scientists led by Antinori that they are either capable or on the verge of creating human clones. A problem arises in a cloned embryo due to imprinting. It is the marking of the genetic material for the mother and the father so that only one can be utilized. An error in the genetic imprint from a single donor cell may cause some of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos. Also it is postulated that clones are unhealthy due to the fact that they have short telomeres. Telomeres act as clocks, directly affecting the cell structure of an organism before they pass away. Due to the process clones have short telomeres, making them sickly and frail. Cloning is deemed wrong for many reasons. First the process results in the death of many embryos, which may constitute murder.   Also cloning is seen as unnatural when they are view in concepts that are taboo to society, like having clones of the dead, the unborn and the dying. This problem comes from an individual’s sense of uniqueness. This can be repudiated by the cases of identical twins. Twins may have identical genetic components but they turn out to be different individuals. Moralists have also a problem that cloning gives us a concept of playing God. Bringing back a dead person or ensuring that a baby will be born as well as extending the life of a dying person is seen to be in the realm of the Almighty. The promise of being able to create an exact replica of a given genetic code has given many opportunities for those incapable of having children. Of primary concern are those who are infertile. Cloning as with artificial insemination and other in vitro techniques provide a way for their aim of having children to come true. Another is the families of those with deceased or dying children. They view cloning as a means to once more experience the love of their child. Also, lesbian couples who wish to have a child look on cloning to fulfill their dream. But it must be noted that were the technology realizable and actual human clones producible, cloning can only go so far. The debate of whether a cloned person still has the same trait and behavior as the original leans in favor of no.   It is vital to note that it is not only the genetic code that forms the person’s identity but that person’s experiences, teachers and influences. The issue regarding human clones is that they are born with a genetic bias of who they are, denying them the open future that is a right to every human being. They may be treated as objects rather than as persons. This underlies the discussion o whether the act is that of making rather that begetting. The problem is will being cloned from the somatic cell of an existing person result in the child being regarded as less of a person whose humanity and dignity would not be fully respected. This points us to the dilemma as to the humanity of clones. And the question is clones less human than we? Are clones of us us in every way, or are they new individuals? One reason to clone humans is for research. The process of therapeutic cloning uses cloned human embryos for research. cloned human beings are not the target of this process but the production of stem cells for research. Any specialized cell in the human body can be derived from stem cells. Stem cells come from five day old eggs..   This act destroys the embryo, raising ethical concerns. Therapeutic cloning has been touted as being able to produce human organs for transplants. Scientists say that for this to be possible, DNA would be obtained from the transplant recipient and injected into a enucleated egg. Stem cells can then be gathered from the egg. These can then be used as a template to produce the specific tissue or organ needed which would be an exact genetic match to the transplant recipient. Because of this fact, it is postulated that the organ will not be rejected by the body during transplant. Another use of therapeutic cloning is the creation of genetically modified pigs which can also be utilized as a source of human organs. The process of xenotranspalntation or the transplanting of animal organs into humans is seen as a medically viable way to accommodate the increasing demand for organs. Pigs are used due to their high rate of reproduction and their being able to be cloned with relative ease. Primates, who are of a much closer genetic match to humans, are more complex and thus much harder to clone. In comparison to other animals, the tissues and organs of pigs are the ones more similar to humans. To be able to achieve this, scientists deactivate the gene in individual pig cells that when detected by the human body, leads to organ rejection. Harvesting of the organs of the resulting clones is then done. Cloning has been seen as an advance in eugenics. Eugenics is the act of manipulating a population to promote one race or type as superior to others with the end goal of ultimately taking over the population. The idea is that people who are exceptional, who are deemed superior to others in one or many fields, must be cloned since they represent the best of the human race. This idea has many ambiguities particularly on the concept of superior and inferior. Although there were some unlikely ideas in the book, like trading gene samples as a commodity, Agar fails to fully express the debate in this topic. What he does show is that eugenics, by using positive methods would be beneficial to the race. And he also shows the impact of being a clone born under a eugenic driven ideal. There are different cases and different problems with cloning as a reproductive tool. Striking the right balance between procreative freedom and childrens welfare in the age of reproductive cloning is likely to require a case-by-case approach. Nevertheless, the transcendental advantage of cloning will be brought about not for simple transplants in mans body to replace his sick organs, but for the complete cloning of the human being to eventually achieve the immortality of the individual. Man will no longer change the parts of a body damaged to a greater or less degree, but he will leave the old body and change to a new one, which will be also improved by genetic engineering. Thus, the long-sought-after immortality, which man has always desired with all his being, will be achieved. It has been repeated insistently that the human being has a right to life. To ban cloning, then, would be to deny him the right to continue living. If clones were to be feasible, they would probably suffer. This can be brought upon by errors in their production leading to medical illnesses or to the preconceived notions that surround them. It is stipulated by Agar that the human race may not be ready to incorporate the idea of clones living among us. We simply have too many fears and false notions that inevitably we would end up stigmatizing them. Agar proposes that we get rid of these notions and keep an open and intelligent mind as to what cloning can offer us. We must learn as a society to separate fact from fiction and to rationalize our views about cloning.    References: Alan Man Humanity and the Cloning Question: Comparing and Contrasting Arguments http://www.amsa.org/bio/clone.cfm searched October 21 at using google.com What Are Some Issues In Cloning? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning/clissues/ searched at Yahoo.com CloningFactSheethttp://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml searched October 22 using google.com

Comparing leadership styles and techniques

Comparing leadership styles and techniques This study will show and conclude whether or not this statement is indeed accurate or just another theoretical belief or ideology amongst between theorist. In this essay we will look at the meaning of both management and leadership, how they differ in concept and in style, and finally conclude whether or not this statement is indeed accurate. What is leadership? Moorhead and Griffin (1998) define leadership as both a process and property. They say, as a process leadership involves the use of non-coercive influence to direct and coordinates the activities of group members to meet a goal, and a property they describe leadership as a set of characteristics attributed to those who those who are perceived to use such influence successfully. According to Moorhead Griffin (1998), Management requires an understanding of human behavior, to help managers better comprehend those at different levels in the organization, those at the same level, those in other organization, and themselves. Management is the planning, organizing, leading and controlling of organizational resources both effectively and efficiently in order to ultimately achieve goals set out by an organization (Moorhead Griffin, 1998; Adair, 2003). Differences between leadership and management: Adair (2003) says, Leadership and management are not the same. In industry and commerce they should go together. In government we often think of political leadership and public service management, but the latter also requires high-quality leadership. Adair (2003) then continues to list the following; Leadership is about giving direction, building teams and inspiring others by example and word. You can be appointed a manager but you are not a leader until your personality and character, your knowledge and your skill in performing the functions of leadership are recognized and accepted by the others involved. This is a very fundamental difference. (Adair, 2003; Moorhead Griffin, 1998) Leadership and change go together. Managing in the form of running an organization is more appropriate where there is not much change going on. When change is endemic, as it often is nowadays, managers must learn how to lead it. Pg 71 Managing entails the proper and efficient use of resources- good administration. Good leaders care about administration, the less good ones dont. Management has the overtone of carrying out objectives laid down by someone else. Moreover, there is nothing in the concept of management which implies inspiration, creating teamwork when it isnt there, or setting an example. When it is the case that inspiration and teamwork exist, you may well have managers who are in effect leaders, especially if they are the source of the inspiration. But it is unfortunately more often the case that management does not ring bells when it comes to people. Other distinctive differences pointed out by (Adair, 2003) include Direction: A leader will find a ways forward. He or she will generate a sense of direction. That may involve identifying new objectives, new products or services and new markets Inspiration: Leadership is linked to inspiration. The words and example of a leader kindle motivation Building teams: A leader tends to think naturally in terms of team. Groups of individuals are transformed into teams. Equally, teams tend to look for leaders rather than bosses. Example: Leadership is example. A leader will have his or her own output or direct contribution to the common task, thereby leading from the front Acceptance: You can be appointed a manager, but you are not really a leader until your appointment is ratified in the hearts and minds of those who work with you. An article by Murray, C. (2010) states and lists the following, the managers job is to plan, organize and coordinate. The leaders job is to inspire and motivate. In his 1989 book On Becoming a Leader, Warren Bennis composed a list of the differences: The manager administers; the leader innovates. The manager is a copy; the leader is an original. The manager maintains; the leader develops. The manager focuses on systems and structure; the leader focuses on people. The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust. The manager has a short-range view; the leader has a long-range perspective. The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why. The manager has his or her eye always on the bottom line; the leaders eye is on the horizon. The manager imitates; the leader originates. The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it. The manager is the classic good soldier; the leader is his or her own person. The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing. Moorhead Griffin (1998) set out the following table to illustrate the distinction between management and leadership. Activity Management Leadership Creating an agenda Planning and Budgeting. Establishing details steps and timetables for achieving needed results; allocating the resources necessary to make those needed results happen Establishing direction. Developing a vision of the future, often the distant future, and strategies for producing the changes needed to achieve that vision Developing a human network for achieving the agenda Organizing and staffing. Establishing some structure for accomplishing plan requirements, staffing that structure with individuals, delegating responsibility and authority for carrying out the plan, providing policies and procedures to help guide people, and creating methods or systems to monitor implementation Aligning people. Communicating the direction by words and deeds to all those whose cooperation may be needed to influence the creation of teams and coalitions that understand the vision and strategies and accept their validity Executing plans Controlling and problem solving. Monitoring results vs. plan in some detail, identifying deviations, and then planning and organizing to solve these problem Motivating and inspiring. Energizing people to overcome major political, bureaucratic, and resource barriers to change by satisfying very basic, but often unfulfilled, human needs Outcomes Produces a degree of predictability and order and has the potential to consistently produce major results expected by various stakeholders (e.g. .for customers, always being on time; for stockholders, being on budget) Produces change, often to a dramatic degree, and has the potential to produce extremely useful change (e.g. , new products that customers want, new approaches to lobar relations that help make a firm more competitive) Another way of which leadership and management could be distinguished is through different styles, Management has three main categories of styles: autocratic, paternalistic and democratic. Autocratic (or authoritarian) managers like to make all the important decisions and closely supervise and control workers. Managers do not trust workers and simply give orders (one-way communication) that they expect to be obeyed. This approach derives from the views of Taylor as to how to motivate workers and relates to McGregors theory X view of workers. This approach has limitations (as highlighted by other motivational theorists such as Mayo and Herzberg) but it can be effective in certain situations. For example. When quick decisions are needed in a company (e.g. in a time of crises), when controlling large numbers of low skilled workers. Paternalistic managers give more attention to the social needs and views of their workers. Managers are interested in how happy workers feel and in many ways they act as a father figure (pater means father in Latin). They consult employees over issues and listen to their feedback or opinions. The manager will however make the actual decisions (in the best interests of the workers) as they believe the staffs still need direction and in this way it is still somewhat of an autocratic approach. The style is closely linked with Mayos Human Relation view of motivation and also the social needs of Maslow. Democratic style of management will put trust in employees and encourage them to make decisions. They will delegate to them the authority to do this (empowerment) and listen to their advice. This requires good two-way communication and often involves democratic discussion groups, which can offer useful suggestions and ideas. Managers must be willing to encourage leadership skills in subordinates. The ultimate democratic system occurs when decisions are made based on the majority view of all workers. However, this is not feasible for the majority of decisions taken by a business- indeed one of the criticisms of this style is that it can take longer to reach a decision. This style has close links with Herzbergs motivators and Maslows higher order skills and also applies to McGregors theory Y view of workers. Leadership styles include the following Transformational leadership Is the set of abilities that allow the leader to recognize the need for change, to create a vision to guide that change, and to execute that change effectively. (Moorhead Griffin, 1998) Charismatic leadership A charismatic leadership style is a type of influence based on the leaders personal charisma. (Moorhead Griffin, 1998) Conclusion: Despite all these differences one has to take note that in this new economy its nearly impossible to distinguish between the two as they both overlap one another and work hand in hand, in other words they complement each other, as Murray A, (2010) points out that there was a time when the calling of the manager and that of the leader could be separated. A foreman in an industrial-era factory probably didnt have to give much thought to what he was producing or to the people who were producing it. His or her job was to follow orders, organize the work, assign the right people to the necessary tasks, coordinate the results, and ensure the job got done as ordered. The focus was on efficiency. But in the new economy, where value comes increasingly from the knowledge of people, and where workers are no longer undifferentiated cogs in an industrial machine, management and leadership are not easily separated. People look to their managers, not just to assign them a task, but to define for th em a purpose. And managers must organize workers, not just to maximize efficiency, but to nurture skills, develop talent and inspire results. But if pressed for and answer one would have to agree with the statement as we are facing difficult times with the worldwide recession and collapse of economies (i.e. Greece, Iceland), and where there is great uncertainty amongst workers, you will find that people are looking out for leaders to navigate them through these troubled times, so there on would justifiably concur with the rationale. As (Adair, 2003) states, Although a natural leader instinctively tries to change and improve things, his or her efforts will, not bear much fruit unless external and internal change is effecting the organization- technological, social, economic, political and cultural change. Industry and commerce, and for that matter public services too, must now operate in a climate of almost constant change, stronger international competition and higher uncertainty. All that explains why the concept of leadership has once again come to the fore. Leaders like change; its in their chosen element. Managers, by contrast, have traditionally preferred to run organizations as machines. They are happiest in a stead state environment where nothing is rocking the boat.

Text Analysis: Comparing Formal and Informal Dialogue

Text Analysis: Comparing Formal and Informal Dialogue A comparison between a formal text and an informal dialogue. 1.0 Introduction In the traditional way of looking at syntax, an adult, child or the learner of English as a second language ought to gain knowledge of the syntactic rules. During speaking, the speaker is always assumed to have mastered the rules of syntax which should produce coherence in communication. Syntactic rules are always present in the system that features them, as it is assumed, but this is not always the case. Usually, the patterns which are always observed in linguistic data represents what is in the minds of the people who produce such data. In as much as there are varied types of sentences, clause and phrasal types, there are usually agreed rules on how phrases, clauses and sentences should be arranged to give a particular meaning. 2.0. Theoretical Background: 2.1 Types of sentences: The sentences can be categorized with syntactic rules depending on the on the types of clauses that they possess. Greenbaum (1996) also agrees with this fact and defines a simple sentence as one with only a subject and a verb. For example. He went home last Thursday. He further describes a compound sentence as one with one or more independent clauses. For example, I have finished examinations and I know I will pass. While the other category of sentence types is the complex sentences which consist of a subordinate clause supported main by clause. For example, If the phones are cheaper in Barka, I will come to buy there. The other category is the compound-complex sentence structure which consists of two independent clauses and one main clause. For example, The lecturer believed he would pass and with higher grades after he promised to improve. 2.2 Clause Types: When a group of words have a subject followed by a predicate, it is called a clause. Adjective clause can be a sentence or constructions which look like sentences. 2.2.1. Dependent and Independent clauses A clause is commonly defined as a set of words which contain a subject and a verb. According to Carnie (2000), there are two types of clauses thus, independent clause and the second is a dependent clause. Whereas an independent clause cannot stand on its own in a sentence, always beginning with a capital letter and ending up with a punctuation, a dependent clause cannot stand alone in a sentence and must always be attached to an independent clause to obtain coherent sentences. He further adds that a clause may at time be a complete sentence as in the case of independent clause or a construction that looks like a sentence in the case of dependent clause. A dependent clause is used as an adjective in a sentence. This is referred to as a relative clause or an adjectival clause. They have a characteristic of beginning with a pronoun (that, which, whose, whom). For example; [I went to school with that Member of Parliament] [whose constituency borders ours.] The sentence above has two clauses. The one in the first bracket is independent while the second bracket is dependent. As we can see, the first makes complete meaning on its own while the second cannot stand alone. Again the adverbial or the subordinate clauses usually begin with a subordinating conjunction such as when, although and includes a subject or a predicate. 2.2.2. Relative Clauses and Nominal Relative Clauses: When a relative clause has an antecedent within itself, it is referred to as a nominal relative clause while the relative clause is one which contains any of the relative pronouns (who which, that) to introduce a noun phrase or a noun. 2.3 Phrase Types: A phrase, according to Driscoll et al (2010), is defined as a set of related words which occur within a sentence or a clause. A phrase is a part of speech which has a headword which defines the nature of the unit within a sentence. 2.3.1 Noun Phrases There is usually a thin line differentiating noun phrases and adjectival phrases in a sentence. Noun phases always consist of a head noun as well as the adjective or more adjectives which describe it. Look at the sentences below: â€Å"She’s an extra ordinary looking woman, and yet I cannot name anything out of the way.† 2.3.2 Adjectival and Prepositional Phrases. According to Kohl (2008), the following are the types of phrases; adjectival phrases which modify the nouns. For example; John lost his red brown shoes. The other types of phrases are prepositional phrases which work as post modifiers in a sentence. The pre-modifier in a sentence must always be an adverbial phrase while a post modifier can either be a prepositional phrase or a clause. For example; â€Å"Ahmed thought that the pizza smelled awfully funny.† 2.4. Complementizers: The definition of complementizers according to Nelson (2002) is a complement clause which functions so as to complement adjectives, adverbs, verbs and even nouns. Complementizers can take the form of â€Å"who, why, or that† clauses. At times they take to-infinite clauses. For example, â€Å"I don’t understand why he’s carrying an arrow†. Here, the complement clause has completed in the sentence, the subordinate clause. The word why acts as a complementizer. 2.5. Conjunctions: These are those parts of speech which act so as to connect the words, clauses, phrases, and sentences to give it a meaning. The most commonly utilized conjunctions are; for, but, and, yet, nor, and so. They do the work of joining the elements to form a coordinate structure. If a sentence uses a coordinate conjunction, it is referred to as a polysyndeton sentence while the one without conjunction is called an asyndeton sentence. According to Yagoda (2007), there are contrasting characteristics between the coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. These are; the coordinating conjunctions connect phrases, words and clauses of equal rank while the subordinating ones join words of unequal ranks. Example; â€Å"There was a period in history where money and happiness were not synonymous, but now they seem to be synonymous.† In this sentence, though debatable, the conjunction and compares equality between money and happiness while the conjunction but unequalizes the two separate clauses (dependent and independent). 2.6. Adverbials: The adverbials in a sentence play the roles in three categories; 1) adjuncts, 2) conjuncts and 3) disjuncts. Simmons (1997) describes that the adjuncts are found within a clausal formation while the disjuncts as well as the conjuncts are found at the end. Adjuncts do not always form a vital part of a sentence. For instance, â€Å"He will also pass by the hardware†. In addition he adds that a disjunct similarly does not form the essential sentence part. For instance, â€Å"In fact, his main aim was to steal from you†. There are also types of sentences which present adverbials that include conjunctions like however, as a result, therefore, and thus just to mention a few. They also present some arguments which may not be part of sentences but they reveal the past part of a sentence so as to contrast it. Example, â€Å"The floods caused destruction as a result of long rains†. 3.0. Analysis: In this section the principal sentence types and clauses types are going to be discussed and differences shown. Also, the analysis of representative phrases and their categories are going to be considered and all the lexical and syntactic structures that are similar or difference in the two texts about: The apology to the Australian aborigines and The informal dialogue between the Chinese and an Australian. 3.1 Types of sentences A sentence, according to Klammer et al (2004), is a group of words consisting of a subject and a verb. More elements can be added to the sentential verb and subject to improve the meaning. 3.1.1 Simple Sentences: As observed in the theoretical background, a simple sentence consists of a subject and a verb. In the first text, it is observed that there are few instance of simple sentences. The simple sentences like these exist; Text 1 â€Å"We reflect on their past mistreatment† (line 7). Text 2 He sent somebody (line 35). These sentences are independent and they also contain subject and verb, qualifying them to be simple sentences. 3.1.2. Compound Sentences: Text 1 A compound sentence, â€Å"Saying ‘sorry’ was the new order of parliamentary business for the Labor Government led by Kevin Rudd†. This is a compound sentence comprising an independent clause as well as dependent clause separated by a conjunct â€Å"for†. Text 2 In the second text, there are a few compound sentences like; â€Å"Qin Shi Huang was the first emperor to control the whole of China†. Again, the conjunct â€Å"to† has been used to separate the independent as well as the dependent clauses. 3.1.3. Complex Sentences: Text 1 The complex sentence is the one that begins the text on the line 1, thus; [Eleven years after the Australian Human Rights Commission recommended a formal apology to Australian Aborigines], [Prime Minister Rudd has said sorry]. This is because it has an independent and one dependent clause since the first bracket shows a dependent clause while the second, an independent clause forming a meaning even without the independent part. Text 2 In text 2, there exists a complex sentence like the one shown in the example below. [If you drink the elixir of immortality], [you can live forever]. This is a complex sentence separated by comma but begins with a disjunct â€Å"if†. Again, the first bracket is a depedent clause while the second, is an independent one. 3.1.4. Compound-Complex Sentences: The type of sentences which according to Carnie (2001), have two main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. They shares the characteristics of compound and complex sentences. Text 1 On line 20, we meet a compound-complex sentence, [A future where we harness the determination of all Australians, indigenous and non-indigenous], to [close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy, educational] and [economic achievements and economic opportunity]. It has one independent clause and two dependent clauses, making it a compound-complex sentence. The first bracket is an independent clause, second is dependent while the third is also a dependent one. Text 2 There is no clear indication of the existence of a compound-complex sentence here. 3.2 Clause Types: 3.2.1. Main Clauses and Subordinate Clauses Text 1 Looking at line 4, there exists a main clause at the beginning saying, â€Å"The prime minister John Howard refused to apologise† while the second sentence starts with â€Å"saying today’s Australians should not say sorry for the policies of the past†. Text 2 In this text, the independent clause is evident in line 13, â€Å"We call him the emperor of China†. And in line 6, â€Å"When we had the first emperor of china†, doesn’t have complete meaning and needs an independent clause to support it. 3.2.3 Relative clause. Relative clauses, also known as postmodifiers, modifies the noun phrase or noun which precedes them. Traditionally, the relative clauses are categorised into nominal and non-nominal relative clauses. Text 1 In line 20, the following sentence is observed, â€Å"A future where we embrace the possibility of the new solutions to the enduring problems where old approaches have failed†. In this sentence, the realative adverb, â€Å"where† has been used to play the role and turn the clause into a relative noun clause. Text 2 In line 20, the same relative adverb when has been used to relativize a clause â€Å"†¦ when he occupied all the lands, we said he wanted to live forever†. 3.3. Phrase Types: 3.3.1 Noun Phrases: Noun phrase, according to Leech et al (2001), is defined as a word group consisting of a noun or pronoun as its head. It can be a simple one with a single noun. The noun may also in most cases be accompanied by determiners like (a, the, he or her) and complements. Such types of sentences derived from the texts are shown below: Text 1 The parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology †¦.. this in bold shows the noun phrase. Text 2 In the second text, â€Å" Mh-m. China was very small. Shows another noun phrase beginning with China as a noun. Verb Phrases: Text 1 In the first text, a verb phrase is witnessed in line 21, â€Å"†¦ for the breaking up of families†, this verb phrase depicts whet the noun (Government) did to the Aborigines. Text 2 â€Å"The yellow emperor is the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this verb phrase yellow describes the emperor as the first emperor of the whole of China. 3.3.2 Adjective Phrases: An adjective phrase is defined by Zuckermann (1997) as a word group that contains an adjective as the head. It is usually accompanied by modifiers or qualifiers. Adjective phrases are modifiers of nouns. Text 1 â€Å"And for the dignity and degradation of the afflicted people †¦.† The afflicted people is an adjectival phrase portraying the type of people being addressed. Text 2 There exists an adjective clause, â€Å"the first emperor of China†. This adjectival phrase precisely describes the real noun being talked about to distinguish him from other emperors. 3.3.2 Prepositional phrases. Text 1 â€Å"The children were placed in orphanages and church homes in the white community† The prepositional phrases cited in line 3 have been placed in bold. Text 2 â€Å"Similar Chinese characters in Japanese language†. The bold part shows the prepositional phrase. 3.3.3 Complementers and relativisers. Text 1 Like any other organised text syntactically, the text one has various situations of complementers. For example, .. â€Å"resolving that this new page in history of our great continent can now be written†. That in this sentence is a relativizer. Text 2 In text 2 the complementizer has been use and it is, â€Å"which†. For example â€Å"The words which like yao†. Has been joined using a complementiser, â€Å"which†. 3.4 Coordination Conjunctions 3.4.1 Co-ordinating Conjunctions: Text 1 There are many sentences, clauses and phrases in the first text where the coordinating conjuctions exist. For instance. â€Å". educational achievements and economic opportunity†. The conjunct and joins the two phrases to give the whole sentence a meaning. It shows that one thing has happened and another will follow. Text II There are a few instances of the coordinating conjunctions in the second text, For example, â€Å"words with the same pronunciation† here the conjunct with joins two words with similar strengths and this is another example of a coordinating conjunction. 3.4.2 Subordinating Conjunctions: Text 1 In the first text, the line number 2 provides us with a good example of subordinating conjunction. It exists between a main clause and a subordinate clause. For example, â€Å" the human rights commission estimated that from 1901 until 1970 more than †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Text 2 In the second text, we observe a subordinating conjunct because when it separates the â€Å"Did not come back because if he could †¦.† This also separates the main clause and the subordinate clause. 4.0 Conclusions Since the two texts represent different situations, one being formal and the other, informal, it becomes hard to come up with a good summary of comparisons because they represent different genres. It is evident that the first text is syntactically organized in its sentential, clausal and phrasal levels while the second is a dialogue prone to interjections so that the sentences are not formally structured. All the same, text 1 has good organization, less simple sentences but more compound, complex and compound-complex than the text 2. References Carnie, A., (2001) Syntax. Oxford: Blackwell Pubishers. Driscoll, D. Brizee, A., (2010) Purdue OWL Engagement: Sentence and Clause Arrangement for Emphasis. [Online] Available at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/609/04/ [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Greenbaum, S. Nelson, G., (2002) An Introduction to English Grammar. 2nd ed. Edinburgh : Pearson Education Limited . Hana, J., (2011) Introduction to Linguistics Syntax. Oxford: s.n. Klammer, P., Schulz, M., Volpe, D., (2004) Analyzing English Grammar. 4th ed. Longman. Kohl, J. R., (2008) the Global English style Guide: Write Clear, Translatable Document for a Global Market. SAS. Leech, G., Cruickshank B., Ivan R.,(2001) An A-Z of English Grammar Usage. 2nd ed. Edinburg: Pearson. Simmons, R., (1997-2015) Grammar Bytes. [Online] Yagoda, B., (2006) Parts of Speech, N.Y. TiMESJuly 9, ,  § E (Magazine). Zuckermann, G., (2006) Complement Clause Types in Israeli. In: W. Dixon A. Aikhenvald, eds. Complementations: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. s.l.:s.n., pp. 78-81. Hamlet | Character Analysis Hamlet | Character Analysis In the play, Hamlet: Prince of Denmark by Shakespeare, Hamlets soliloquies reveals much about his character. From to the beginning to the end of the play, Hamlets soliloquies reveal that he is virtuous and he is a man with courage, but is quite indecisive. In the beginning Hamlet expresses that he is reluctance and indecisive. Towards the end of the play, Hamlet still shows a constant sign of being reluctance. However, there are other traits that shine through from his soliloquies. Towards the end, Hamlet shows that his is an honorable man, but at the same time he is not a genuine man. These characteristics are explored through Hamlets various ways of insulting himself for not acting on his beliefs. Hamlet needs constant reassurance from others that he is choosing the right path and proceedings with the correct actions. Hamlets first appearance in the play and his early soliloquies show signs of a human without any emotional or feelings. Once Hamlet is notified about the new King of Denmark; Hamlet expresses to his uncle, how weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, seem to me all the uses of this world! Fie ont! ah fie! tis an unweeded garden (1.2.135-137). Hamlet explains that the world seems to him to be quite meaningless, now that his mother is married to his uncle. However, soon after, in the same soliloquies; Hamlet speaks insensitively of his mother. He expresses extreme sorrow towards his mothers choice to marry his uncle. Hamlet expressed his true feelings regarding his mothers poor choice, married with my uncle, my fathers brother, but no more like my father than I to Herculesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1.2.153-154). He claims that his mother disgraces his fathers name. He is quite depressed over the loss of his father and his mothers quick marriage to his uncle. Hamlet believes that no one will ever be as great as his father. He contrasts his father to his uncle, saying that Claudius and King Hamlet have nothing in common; similar to himself and Hercules. In away, Hamlet is insulting himself; showing a sign of insecurity. The fact that Hamlet is contrasting himself to Hercules, who display a symbol of intellectual and physical strength; he implies that he lacks self worth and self esteem. Hamlet also shows a sign of a man with honor. He shows a sign of virtuous as he expresses his feelings regarding Gertrudes marriage, O, most wicked speed, to post, with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good, but break, my heart; for I must hold my tongue (1.2.158-161). Hamlet must restrain from revealing his true feelings because he is afraid to hurt his bother. However, this decision shows that Hamlet is reluctance fix what he believes is wrong. Hamlet believes that he should not say or do anything about his mothers relationship with his Uncle. He cannot expre ss his true feelings. Even though, he sees this as a betrayal to his father. Hamlet appears to be indecisive because he will not act as he wishes, despite what he believes. After speaking to his fathers ghosts, Hamlet discovered new and profound dedication, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ my sinews, grow not instant old, but bear me stiffly up. Remember thee! Ay, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat. In this distracted globe. Remember thee! Yea, from the table of my memory Ill wipe away all trivial fond records (1.5.94-99). In this soliloquy, Hamlet is exhibiting courage by agreeing to follow the ghosts order. Hamlet is telling himself to hold to his fathers ghosts commandment and to drop all other distractions from his mind. As the play begins to reach its raising action, Hamlet contemplates the purpose of life, to be, or not to be: that is the question. Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3.1.64-67). Hamlet is still showing qualities of an indecisive human being. He cannot decide whether it is better to live with suffering or to die and not know what is going to happen. This soliloquy also shows a positive side of Hamlets characteristics. Hamlet expresses, that the dread of something after death, the undiscovered country from whose bourn. No traveler returns, puzzles the will and makes us rather bear those ills we have, than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all. And thus the native hue of resolutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (3.1.88-92). This soliloquy also shows that Hamlet is a man of reason. He sees that it is better to live and suffer than to die and not know wha t is going to happen. He is not completely indecisive or reluctant about what choices to make. He is able to contemplate the questions and the issues surrounding the questions; which will lead him to successfully make a choice. As the play beings to reach its climax, Hamlet still shows signs of indecisiveness. Even though at times, he shows signs of being a man with honor and virtue; the indecisive and reluctant in him gets worst. Hamlet plans to carry out the ghosts wish. However, he acts one way, but feels differently in his heart. This reveals that Hamlet is not a genuine person, as he expresses, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦now he is a-praying, and now Ill dot. And so he goes to heaven, and so am I revenged. That would be scanned: A villain kills my father, and for that I, his sole, son, do this same villain send to heave. Why, this is hire and salary, not revenge (3.3.77-84). Hamlet is not able to carry out the ghosts wish because he is indecisive. For this reason, Hamlet is disappointed and frustrated with him because he has not taken the granted opportunity to avenge his fathers death by killing Claudius. Soon, Hamlet decides to end his indecisive thoughts on the act of a murderous revenge. Hamlet declares, o, from this time forth my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth (4.4.69-70). His frustration with himself and his lack of action has driven himself to realize that it is his destiny to kill Claudius. No matter what, Hamlet will carry out the ghosts wish. In this soliloquy, it can be seen that Hamlets characteristic improves upon denouement of the play.

Mrs. Turpin in Flannery O’Connor’s Revelation Essay -- O’Connor’s shor

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Turpin in Flannery O’Connor’s short story Revelation, is a prejudice and judgmental woman who spends most of her life prying in the lives of everyone around her. She looks at people not for who they are, but for their race or social standing. In fact, Mrs. Turpin is concerned with race and status so much that it seems to take over her life. Although she seems to disapprove of people of different race or social class, Mrs. Turpin seems to be content and appreciative with her own life. It is not until Mrs. Turpin’s Revelation that she discovers that her ways of life are no better then those she looks down upon and they will not assure her a place in Heaven.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Turpin shows prejudice in several different aspects of her life. Her prejudice is first seen when she is in the doctor’s waiting room. The story states that â€Å"her little black eyes took in all the patients as she sized up the seating situation.† (339) While in the waiting room, Mrs. Turpin is surrounded by people of many different cultural and social backgrounds. As she gazes around the room Mrs. Turpin immediately begins putting the people into categories. Some she called â€Å"white trash†, others were wealthy and pleasant, and the remainder such as Mary Grace, were ugly. Most of Mrs. Turpin’s free time is also filled with prejudice thoughts. The story states that â€Å"Mrs. Turpin occupied herself at night naming the classes of people.†(341) She spends so much of her life judging other’s lives that she does...

Diatomite Essay -- essays research papers

DIATOMITE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diatomite is a sedimentary rock, that is white and yellowish in color. It is composed of fossilized skeletons of one-celled algae-like plants called diatoms. It is accumulated in marine areas. The Honeycomb sillia structure is useful because of its high absorptive capacity and surface area. It is also very chemically stable. Its principal use is filtration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This substance of diatomite is extracted from many countries around the world. Out of 30 world countries the largest suppliers are the United States, China, Denmark, and Japan. China supplies about 350 thousand metric tons, Denmark extracts 375 thousand metric tons, and Japan, 190 thousand metric tons. About 725 thousand metric tons of diatomite are extracted from the US Worldwide about 2,150 thousand metric tons are removed from the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This product consists of approximately 90 percent silica, and the remainder consists of compounds such as aluminum and iron oxides. The material is extracted by a dredging barge cuts sediment with rotating knives, mixes it with water and pumps it along a suspended pipeline to the shore. Because diatomite is made from a skeletal structure of diatoms, it isn’t made of chemicals that need to be extracted. It is highly unreactive to other chemicals. It also has a low thermal conductivity rate and a high fusion point.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most diatomite mines are open pit mines because the deposits are usually at or near the surface. Open pit mines are especially hard on the environment because they are very large holes in the ground. Diatomite is also mined when geologic uplifting brings these deposits above sea level. The diatomite is easily mined this way, however, being in marine areas, pollution in the water is a big concern. Through the use of many mining machines, the waters can be easily polluted. The method of dredging to cut away at the sediment does not seem like it would be as environmentally friendly as well. Aside from the mining having impact on the actual land, diatomite mining has impacts on birds in surrounding areas. Many birds show a tendency to avoid dredging areas. Besides factors of noise and pollution and general unpleasantness of machines, birds also rely on animals in shallow water for food where dredging has occurred.   Ã‚  &nbs... ...any different areas. I feel that mining of this product is worth the impact it leaves on the environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was most likely taking diatomite for granted. I was not even aware that it was a product, let alone that it was useful in different ways. A lot of things I use daily would not be the same without the use of diatomite. I drink soda every day, and I would not get that drink if it were not filtered. I’ve never even wondered about how water in a swimming pool is filtered, yet if it were not, I’m positive swimming would not be as enjoyable in the summer. I like the fact that diatomite seems incredibly useful for very important things, such as toxic waste, antibiotics and water filtration. I also think it is exceptional because it goes to use for so many different products. Some things that are mined can only go to a few things, whereas diatomite can go from cleaning toxins, to paint fillers, to filtering wine, to insecticides. I don’t like diatomite for the fact that it is not being recycled, and that no recycling programs are being put into use right now. Overall I think that diatomite is a worthwhile product and beneficial to consumers every day.

Argument of Alfarabi’s Book of Religion ::

Argument of Alfarabi’s Book of Religion For this paper I reviewed four works by the philosopher Abu Nasr al-Farabi (864-933d ce). These were the Enumeration of the Sciences, the Book of Religion, Selected Aphorisms, andthe Attainment of Happiness. Three of these were new translations by Ch. E. Butterworth, the fourth Attainment of Happiness: is from the anthology Medieval Political Philosophy edited by Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi, the latter being the translator of the piece. The assignment calls for an analysis of one of the above works. Some difficulties were encountered associated with returning to this material after a twelve year hiatus and doing so without the benefit (I now recognize) of lectures. I found myself continually backpedaling from the ambitions of my initial outline - which were largely inspired by the introductions which called for careful inspection of the structure of the arguments and attention to the seeming parallels and repetitions both within and between the texts in question. This, it turned out, was somewhat beyond my abilities. Be that as it may I settled on the text the Book of Religion and did what I could. All four of these readings inter-mesh, some explicitly so. The Book of Religion is designed to present an argument answering questions left unanswered by the presentation in The Enumeration of the Sciences, chapter five. My reading of Selected Aphorisms left me thinking that in addition to forming a parallel self supporting piece it was possible to see it as a glossary of supporting arguments and detail covering the exposition in Enumeration of the Sciences. and particularly Book of Religion. The first task I would like to attempt with this paper is to examine Al-farabi’s stated goals for the Book of Religion. I see three statements, two direct and one implicit. There is the opening paragraph in the first section: a definition of Religion, how it exists in a community1, who founds that community and how it is led. What its purpose is. There is the concluding (and penultimate) paragraph: a discussion of order and harmony (and by inference here - prosperity) in the community which flows from a common religion and purpose. And that this is given to a people by God. The first flows gradually and in a crafted naturalness into a discussion of political philosophy and political science. The latter flows out out of it. The implicit argument is in this construction.

Winning the Nguyen Thuong Hien Prize

You wont know what challenges come to your life in the future so you can only think what you had been through in the past. When I was a student in High School, I was a shy person; Just doing what my parents wanted me to do and never cared about what was happening around me until I was encouraged to participate in a contest. The Unguent Thong Hein Prize In presentation was the most Important event that changed my life. When I studied at 12th grade, I was a shy student, and I rarely open up to people. My teacher was frustrated about possibility of my collective activity in class.I thought that a good student Just had to get high score on my test, doing all my homework, and don't need to take extracurricular activities. These of things affect my school life, my teacher recognized that, and he advised me to change Into more confident person, and he recommended me the contest of Unguent Thong Helen prize where I had the opportunity to become an outgoing person. I thought about what my tea cher said to me when I came home, I ally wanted to become an active person and submitted an application to the organizers of this contest.My teacher and friends helped me to transform from a shy person to an outgoing person. My teacher instructed me how to overcome the fears that I have to face the crowd and advised me to practice many times in front of my classmates. My classmates also gave me advice how to improve so that I could do better when I practiced with them. In the contest, I did my speech. My presentation talked about friendship. After I finished presentation its implementation, I was reprise when the judges announced that I won the contest.I was so glad I have overcome fear to complete my speech smoothly. In conclusion, joining Unguent Thong Hein prize was a turning point made me into an adult's person. The prize helps me recognize that I'm more confident than the past; I'm starting to look after everyone around me. When I believe in myself, I can do anything what I wan t. That's why I decided to go to The United State to study after I graduated in my high school. Winning the Unguent Thong Hein Prize By Tom-cleverly Life is not simple.You won't know what challenges come to your life in the future so participate in a contest. The Unguent Thong Hein Prize in presentation was the most important event that changed my life. When I studied at 12th grade, I was a shy advised me to change into more confident person, and he recommended me the contest of Unguent Thong Hein prize where I had the opportunity to become an surprise when the Judges announced that I won the contest. I was so glad I have overcome fear to complete my speech smoothly.

Pro Choice IS Pro Life Essay

â€Å"No woman wants an abortion as she wants an ice cream cone or a Porsche. She wants an abortion as an animal caught in a trap wants to gnaw off its own leg.† Frederica Mathewes-Green In a perfect world, every pregnancy would be considered an utmost blessing. In a perfect world, every birth would involve a healthy, beautiful baby-born to absurdly giddy, loving parents- with the promise of basic needs met and creature comforts strived for. In a perfect world, there would be no such thing as an unwanted pregnancy or the hell of having to make the decision whether or not to terminate. Although the opposing sides will likely never be in agreement on the morality of abortion, both sides can surely agree that the world isn’t perfect and that, consequently, not every pregnancy can be cause for joy and happiness. Regardless of where our moral compass points on the issue of abortion, the fact remains that an estimated 40-50 million abortions take place worldwide each year and nearly half of them are illegal, unsafe procedures that result in severe disability and even death. Accordingly, in 1973, the United States Supreme Court ruled 7–2 that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution extended to a woman’s decision to have an abortion. Some pro-life proponents bitterly objected to the landmark decision, known as Roe v Wade, as if they felt the ruling had â€Å"invented abortion† or somehow created the problem altogether. The unavoidable reality, however, is that the world is imperfect and so abortion happens. Chinese folklore from 500 BCE suggests the ingestion of mercury to induce abortion. It happened in 1550 BCE in ancient Egypt. Hippocrates is noted for having prescribed â€Å"jumping up and down† to his female patients suffering unwanted pregnancy! It happened in ancient Greece in 421 BC. It happened in the Bible in the book of Numbers. Even Plato proclaimed it the right of women to seek early terminations of pregnancies in â€Å"Theaetetus†, circa 360 BCE. Abortion will always happen, as it always HAS happened, and no amount of legislature or religious browbeating will ever change that fact. To be fair, most people who oppose abortion are well intentioned, pious individuals with a reasonable, valid, argument for favoring ‘pro-life’. They feel that abortion is the equivalent of murder; life begins at conception. Their religious faith compels them to believe that a fertilized embryo is a human being and, therefore, entitled to the right to live. This argument, however, is based on an mere assumption rather than factual evidence. Joyce Arthur, a contributing writer for The Pro-Choice Action Network, suggests that the belief that a fetus is a living human being with a right to live is simply irrelevant because â€Å"biology, medicine, law, philosophy, and theology have no consensus on the issue, and neither does society as a whole.† Admittedly, the thought of so many countless aborted fetuses, unborn and unnamed and unloved, is unsettling to even the strongest supporter of a woman’s right to choose. Even so, the pro-choice advocates don’t just see a fetus; they see the whole complicated, imperfect, often sad world where we can’t solve everything. â€Å"We really need to get over this love affair with the fetus and start worrying about children.† Joycelyn Elders Pro-choice advocates, in scenarios where abortion isn’t an option, see only neglected and abused children who are born to parents who didn’t want them in the first place. They see children who are hungry because their parents are unable to provide for them. They see children who will never know healthy love or feel any real and lasting sense of security. Ultimately, they see children who will be born against their mothers’ will, fully aware that they aren’t valued by the ones who should value them most, and will do little more with their own troubled lives than perpetuate the vicious cycle of a bent and broken society. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in December 2003, backs this assertion: â€Å"We offer evidence that legalized abortion has contributed signiÂŽcantly to recent crime reductions. Crime began to fall roughly eighteen years after [Roe v Wade] abortion legalization.† The report concludes its study findings with this rather scathing, but factually based statement: â€Å"Roughly half of the crimes committed in the United States are done by individuals born prior to the legalization of abortion. As these older cohorts age out of criminality and are replaced by younger offenders born after abortion became legal, we would predict that crime rates will continue to fall.† â€Å"We’re pro-choice because we know that our faith cannot answer the question of when a fetus becomes a person. We also know that the whole question of fetal personhood is a disingenuous, & often malicious, attempt to distract us from the real issue-which is that the woman is a person. She is a person endowed by God, the U.S. Constitution, and common sense & decency with rights & responsibilities that she must exercise to the best of her ability, using her own best judgment.† -The Reverend Dr. Katherine Hancock Ragsdale Supporters of pro choice see the woman facing an unplanned, unwanted pregnancy in a more compassionate light than do pro life advocates. Those in favor of a woman’s right to choose have the open mindedness needed to recognize the unique and varied circumstances that lead a woman to opt for an abortion. They see rape victims who, after having had control of their bodies taken once, shouldn’t be expected to incubate, give birth to, financially and emotionally support, and somehow manage to love a constant reminder of violence and fear and sexual assault. They see victims of incest who, in reality, are only children themselves. They see loving parents who HAD planned a pregnancy, only to be given heart wrenching news: the baby will suffer extreme birth defects and have no quality of life. They see the straight-A student with a hard earned college scholarship who finds out that she’s pregnant the day before her high school graduation. They see desperate women who fear the judgment of their overly religious families. These are the women who, without access to a safe one, will attempt to perform abortions on themselves or seek the service of an untrained hand, using unsafe procedures, in a non-sterile environment; often with tragic results. According to the World Health Organization in Oct. 2006, â€Å"back-alley abortions cause 68,000 maternal deaths each year in the 33 countries where abortion is not legal or available†. Understand [that] unwanted pregnancy does not always translate into unwanted births, but the developmental research of children unwanted during pregnancy does suggest that when women say they cannot adequately care for a child, it is of the utmost importance that we listen! -Rachel Needle, PsyD To be pro-choice is to truly care about others and to support a woman’s right not to give birth to a child she feels unable to care for. Despite the Pro Life claim that abortion is â€Å"taking the easy way out†, those in favor of choice realize that an imperfect world sometimes finds a woman in an impossible, desperately terrifying situation. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is far from the ‘easy way out’ and, in many cases, may be the only course of action viable to the mother. The decision not to sentence a child to a life of poverty or sickness or oppression is humane if it is nothing else. Ultimately, being pro choice means working towards a world where abortion is legal and safe and rare. Being pro choice means supporting the right of every woman to decide what’s best for her own future, to act in the best interests of her own physical and emotional wellbeing, and to try her best to do whats right for herself and the family involved. To be PRO-CHOICE is to be, quite literally, PRO (happy, healthy, beautiful) LIFE for everyone. The hope and the promise of such a life, however, can be made possible only through loving-kindness, genuine compassion, and- above all else- the freedom of choice. AbouZahr, Carla. â€Å"British Medical Bulletin.† Oxford Journals. British Medical Bulletin, Dec. 2003. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Arthur, Joyce. â€Å"Personhood: Is a Fetus a Human Being?† THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK. The Pro Choice Action Network, Aug. 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. â€Å"Civil Rights.† Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. . Donahue, John J., III, and Steven D. Levitt. THE IMPACT OF LEGALIZED ABORTION ON CRIME*. Rep. no. Quarterly Report. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 2001. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Russi, Nancy F., PhD. â€Å"When Pregnancies Are Unwanted.† Prochoiceforum.org.uk. Board of Social & Ethical Responsibility for Psychology of the American Psychological Association, 05 Mar. 2002. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Sankin, Aaron. â€Å"Abortion Poverty Study Finds Link Between Lack Of Access And Income.† The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 14 Nov. 2012. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. Smith, Sharon. â€Å"Abortion Is Every Woman’s Right.† Abortion Is Every Woman’s Right. N.p., 23 Apr. 2004. Web. 12 Oct. 2013.