The Driving Hormone Controlled From The Pituitary Gland

Testosterone, a key element in the genetic makeup of all human beings. The driving hormone controlled from the pituitary gland. This hormone dictates the sex drive of the male human being. However, this hormone also leads people to believe that males should act and be a certain way. The concept of hegemonic masculinity, where hegemonic is defined as ruling or dominant in a social class, and masculinity is defined as possession of the qualities traditionally associated with men (Morettini, 2016). It originated with concepts such as masculine fundamentalism, which was a form of promoting dominance of a man in a household of married men (Frances Ester, 2013, p. 143). In today’s contemporary society, hegemonic masculinity is a key problem.†¦show more content†¦Paul’s High School, I have been subjected to many stereotypes. I am an Asian-Canadian male who identifies as a cisgender. In the context of high school and in Canada, I am a minority. However, I can call mys elf privileged, being able to go to a school such as St. Paul’s. On the other hand, going to a school such as St. Paul’s has downsides. I was subject to racism and looked down upon because of my height and frame. In addition, I was always told to man-up to create a sense of maturity and I was pushed to my limits to create a person who had my same image, however this person was much bigger and stronger. My achievements were looked down upon because whenever I achieved a high grade, it was always because â€Å"I was Asian.† All this accounted into a pressure that was built up, a sense that I was not good enough and a sense that I should be what the society’s definition of a man should be. I wondered as I got older, do we really get more mature. Do boys really become men, if all they are expected of is to be hegemonic and dominant. The real men, are those who have the confidence to create waves in the stalemate ocean of life. These men show a sense of power and confidence by showing their emotions and having a sense of their true character instead of conforming to the idea of a hegemonic male society. I wish to be one of those men, however such a task is difficult as many believe the human brain is hardwired to the concept of hegemonic masculinity. When FreudShow MoreRelatedSocm Study Guide Essay30404 Words   |  122 Pageslevel F. Organism level Identify the organ systems of the body and the major components of each system. 1. Integumentary system: * Cutaneous membrane (layers of skin) * Hair follicles * Hair * Sebaceous glands * Sweat glands * Nails * Sensory Receptors 2. 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The fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are innately good and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. Cognitive psychology- the branch of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychologyRead More The Federal Government Should Regulate Fracking Essay3255 Words   |  14 Pageshealth profile. This is clearly seen in the disparity between those living in areas exposed to toxic substances, versus individuals living in clean environments. Individuals in unpolluted environments experience the advantage of a body system free from the barrage of chemical assault. Unfortunately, people who live near toxic wastes or byproducts of industry, have a body that is in constant defense of attack. 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Dr. Pozo’s office A student athleteRead MoreAutonomic Nervous System and Obj8649 Words   |  35 Pagesb.|they cannot be measured.| c.|there is no theory of motivation.| d.|they are questionable.| ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 5. The study of motivation is complex because it cannot be directly observed, only a.|inferred from behavior.|c.|assumed to exist.| b.|compared with other behavioral forces.|d.|subjectively viewed.| ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 6. Motives can take the form of a.|needs, drives, and incentives.|c.|stimuli, events, and

Renaissance Family Values and Their Significance to As...

Renaissance Family Values and Their Significance to As You Like It When I began my research for this paper, I did not have a good understanding of the term Renaissance. Therefore, I thought that it was a good idea to clarify on this before I tried to learn about what family life was like at that time, and I also thought it might be interesting to look at Shakespeares family. The word Renaissance means rebirth and refers to the 15th Century, between the years 1350 and 1600 (Greene Malvasi, par. 1). At this time, there were many changes being undergone, and one of the most important changes was the reappearance of cities, which influenced many aspects of life, including the structure of the family (Greene†¦show more content†¦2). A childs parents arranged most marriages, and the details were often worked out well in advance, maybe even when the children were still in infancy (Greene Malvasi, par. 3). A marriage for love was looked upon as ludicrous, whereas marriages were arranged to add to a familys wealth or stature (Greene Malvasi, par. 3). However, we the readers know how those young children of wealthy families in Shakespeares plays were. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Hermia, Eugeus daughter, is promised to the noble Demetrius. Yet she loves Lysander, and runs off with him to be married in a place outside of her fathers rules. In real R enaissance life, children of noble birth ran a great risk if they tried to marry with out the approval of their parents, as they would be left without any resources (The Age of Marriage, par. 5). This would be a foolish thing for a child to do, especially a male child or a son, as male primogeniture was the law of inheritance. Male primogeniture means that the eldest son inherits everything, even if the eldest child is a girl, unless provisions are made for younger sons (Heirs and Inheritance, pars. 1-2). Divorces were far and few between, which may account in part of the skepticism of marring for love. If a family was what we would call a broken family, it came from the sense that one parent had died and the otherShow MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Italian Renaissance Painting and Sculpture to the Northern Renaissance Painting and Sculpture1731 Words   |  7 PagesBefore you can compare and contrast the art of the Italian Renaissance to the artworks of the Renaissance in the North, you have to understand the roots of the Renaissance. Renaissance has a special meaning, referring to a period of the grand florescence of the arts in Italy during the 14th century and progressed and migrated, in the 15th and 16th centuries, to Northern Europe. The Renaissance was stimulated by the revival of the classical art forms of ancient Greece and Rome. The â€Å"re-birth of knowledgeRead MoreA Day At The Crocker Art Museum938 Words   |  4 Pagesthe last 10 years, last weekend was my first t rip to the Crocker Art Museum. The museum was slow when we first got there around 10:00 am, but within an hour it started to pick up. I did not expect much from a museum in Sacramento, I was thinking more like gold rush memorabilia or Sutter household items. In short, I love the place. It is so much bigger and with more art than I imagined. My favorite part of the museum was the old part and not the modern side. I did not get the meaning of quite a few ofRead MoreEssay on The Interpretation of None the Other, Maya Angelou1508 Words   |  7 Pagescan capture the mind, soul, and the bare heart, but, how can one’s interpretation of a poem alter the true value of the poem itself? The answer to this question may vary, depending on one’s interpretation. Then again, that response can be used to answer every question this world holds. Dr. Maya Angelou is one of the most renowned and influential voices of our time. Hailed as a global renaissance woman, Dr. Angelou is a celebr ated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, producer, actress, historian, filmmakerRead MoreSummary Of A Raisin Of The Sun 2918 Words   |  12 PagesExposition – The Younger family is introduced as an African-American poor, middle-class family living in a small, cramped apartment with a shared bathroom in the Chicago slums whose five members have unsatisfying, low-wage jobs (or, in the case of Beneatha, is in college and aspiring to be a doctor). They have great hope and excitement as they wait for an important check in the mail. b. Inciting Incident – When the $10,000 insurance check from Big Walter’s death arrives, each family member’s conflictingRead MoreSociological Reflection1258 Words   |  6 Pagesactually ten topics that I learned in this course that was very important to me. Those topics were: crime, deviance, bureaucracy, nature of science, philosophy, religion, common sense, scientific statements, sociological ideas, and core american values. 1.During the beginning of this semester we discussed the key characteristics of science how science was different from philosophy, how is science different from religion, make five scientific statements that are verifiable and falsifiable, makeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book A Raisin Of The Sun 2263 Words   |  10 Pagesg. Other Significant Structural Elements: CHARACTERS 1. Protagonist a. Name and significance: Walter which means â€Å"Commander of the Army† wants to be the head of the family and wants to make decisions on his own to show his manhood and his capability of being the man of the house. But he is also tired of living in a world where he is judged based off his color and race. b. Characteristics and thematic significance: He is Mama’s only son, and is a caring father but a defiant husband and a belligerentRead MoreHow far do you agree that â€Å"Volpone† is a satire on contemporary society’s obsession with wealth above all else?1622 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Young 12AMP ENGLISH LITERATURE COURSEWORK - VOLPONE HOW FAR DO YOU AGREE THAT VOLPONE IS A SATIRE ON CONTEMPORARY SOCIETYS OBSESSION WITH WEALTH ABOVE ALL ELSE? From the outset, I agree that Volpone is a satire on contemporary societys obsession with wealth above all else. However, there are alternative critical views that should be referred to before final judgement. Jonson heavily emphasises the satirical importance of prosperity in Volpone. This is evident from the openingRead MoreEthnic identites Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthe term ethnicity† (Kath Woodward, 2004, p 124). As such, the concept is rather recent, as it appeared in sociological studies late in the nineteenth century. 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Among the most influential thinkers of the time were the Italian humanist Leon Battista Alberti, the Florentine politician Niccolà ² Machiavelli, and theRead MoreThe Divine Comedy1705 Words   |  7 Pageswith the Renaissance in Italy, brought about a literary revival. One of the writers that influenced this revival is Dante Alighieri, a 13th century poet from Florence, Italy. His world famous epic, La Commedia, or more commonly known as The Divine Comedy remains a poetic masterpiece depicting truth and sin. The Divine Comedy, through the journey into the three hells, expresses a universal truth of good versus evil. Alighieri’s life of heartbreak with the influences of other famous poets like Homer

What is Post-Modernism, functionalism and Marxism Free Essays

What is Post-Modernism, functionalism Marxism? What is ‘The Matrix’? And what have these three got to do with ‘The Matrix’? These questions are very difficult to answer some would say and others wouldn’t have much of a problem. Firstly, Post-Modernism, some claim, is replacing modernity. It’s being done by the loss of faith in science and rationality. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Post-Modernism, functionalism and Marxism? or any similar topic only for you Order Now These types of thoughts developed mainly from the 1980’s onwards and increased sceptism about theories of a better future. However these thoughts are in a relativist position, which denies that there are absolutes in any area of human knowledge. People believe that social positions of the informer are informed. Secondly, Functionalism means â€Å"structures, which fulfil the objective to maintain a system†. This basically means functionalists try and maintain order and peace in society. Lastly there’s Marxism. This is totally the opposite to a functionalist perspective. Marxism tries to create conflict between people and it always picks up on the negative views within society or organisations. You’re probably thinking what has all this got to do with ‘The Matrix’? Well, ‘The Matrix’ as we all know was one of the biggest hit films in America and the UK. It is all about the future and what the world is really like. How it’s seen through selected individual’s eyes. Keanu Reeves stars as ‘Neo’ in the movie, and ‘Neo’ means the one in a foreign language. The Matrix is known as a system, a computer. The Matrix basically being the Planet Earth. At the start of the movie ‘Neo’ is an ‘everyday’ individual, working with computers for his living until he begins to receive eerie messages on his PC and peculiar phone calls. This shows a functionalist and working class perspective as he’s an ordinary guy and lives a normal life earning money for his living. After this Neo is given an instruction which said to ‘Follow the sign’. The sign being a white rabbit on a females shoulder. Here we can see that this is completely un-natural, who hacks into computers and telephone lines to show a dull message? At first he was totally against going further with the matter but then he didn’t no what to do. This shows a Post-Modernism type of view as he’s undecided in what he wants to do. However ‘Neo’ was very curious and he decided to follow the sign. This again shows a form of Post-Modernism as he wants to know what’s behind all these ‘Signs’. Having followed the white rabbit he’s led to a club where he meets a lady called Trinity who begins to show Neo things he’s never seen before. After all this Neo wakes up in his bedroom, as if nothing has happened but he still remembers everything. So this is a type of modern view, bringing Neo back to the ‘Truth’ and ‘Reality’ part of the universe. The following day he meets again with this lady named Trinity and she shows him ‘The One’, Morpheus. Morpheus is the leader of the group at present. Neo is taken into a room where he is given two options, one where he has the option to take a red pill or the other where he takes a blue pill. The red pill keeps Neo in the ‘fantasy’ land and the blue which takes him back to his normal life where he forgets everything. Neo decides to take a really big chance and stay in the land of fantasy and takes the red pill. This shows a major type of Post-modernism, wanting to know more, wanting to know about other realms, and basically being really curious. It also shows a modern view as it didn’t take much time for him to decide what he wanted to do. Having taken this pill Neo is ‘Re-Born’ in a totally different way and is picked up by this strange looking creature and is thrown down this shoot to the other crew members. A number of people would definitely say this is creating a Jesus like sense; being ‘Re-Born’ and again this could cause conflict between some groups. So Neo decided to leave his ‘modern’ style life and live in another ‘Realm’. A few tests are run on Neo and he is given the all clear through Morpheus. Neo meets all his other crew members, some of their names being Tank, A-Poc and Switch. After this Neo is taken to a computer program where he battles with his leader Morpheus, Neo begins to realise he can do things he had never done before, such as fighting Kung-Fu style. Some may argue that this is a type of conflict or Marxism as he is being taught how to fight. Neo is also taken into a computer program where he is told to jump between two buildings which a really high and really far apart. Morpheus shows him how to do it, Neo tries to believe he can do and jumps. However he was unsuccessful, so this is trying to make Neo believe something he cannot do at the moment. So he fails the jump but is still alive as it was only a computer program. Neo begins to believe even more. Neo is taken back to the crew where he sleeps. Later on Neo is taken on a mission with his crew into ‘The Matrix’ where they are attacked by ‘Agents’, these are people who are against Morpheus and would take any measure to kill any one of them. In a way this shows reality because there are some people out there who are willing to kill an individual at any expense. The group could be a Marxist group because all they want to do is create conflict between each other. Again some can argue that Neo’s group are doing the same. Neo and the rest manage to escape excluding Morpheus, who is beaten and taken away with the Agents. Again this is a Marxist perspective as the agents are trying to create conflict. The only way of exiting ‘The Matrix’ is by receiving a phone call on selected telephones. These phones take them back to the ‘Real World’. This is a post modernist point of view as this wouldn’t normally happen in the world as we know it. Tank manages to get back safely and decides to cause a big problem. He agreed with the ‘Agents’ that he would do anything to get out of the ‘Real world’ and return to ‘The Matrix’. This is definitely a Marxist view, as he is trying to create conflict whereas the other crew members are trying to create some form of order in the ‘Real World’ while they battle it out with tank. Unfortunately for tank he is defeated and the rest manage to get back safely. They all begin to panic about Morpheus because they know that if anyone dies in ‘The Matrix’ dies in the ‘Real World’. Neo decides its time for him to shine and takes the matter into his own hands. This again can be seen as a functionalist perspective as he wants to create order but in order to do this he is going to create conflict. He returns to ‘The Matrix’ along with Trinity and seeks out Morpheus. The two groups battle it out and finally they reach a result. Neo defeats the ‘Agents’ and realises he had powers which he never knew he had. However, Morpheus dies and Neo takes over the role of being ‘The One’. Overall we can see that there are functionalist, Marxist and Post-Modern perspectives throughout the whole of the film. Some for good, some for bad, but which are which is for you to decide. At times it’s about your own personal views or opinions. How to cite What is Post-Modernism, functionalism and Marxism?, Papers

Auditing and Professional Practice Process of Auditing

Question: Describe about the Auditing and Professional Practice for the Process of Auditing. Answer: Case Study 1(a) It is customary for the auditor to be well prepared in advance before the start of actual process of auditing. For this purpose, it is essential that the auditor draws a plan taking broader understanding of the nature of business of the client and the industry conditions. Planning helps the auditor to allocate appropriate amount of resources to the right areas (Ernst Young LLP, 2012). In this context, following major issues have been identified as in the current case of City Ltd from planning view point: The evaluation of the audit risk needs to be made cautiously because the business conditions are adverse for City Ltd. There is overall industrial downturn in the construction industry in Australia, which gives rise to the risk of material misstatement. The company has under processed projects for which no buyer has yet been found. This situation gives rise to significant business risk (IAS 300, 2009). The risk of top management manipulating the financial performance is high. There may be window dressing of financial statements, thus, the auditor should plan extensive checking (IAS 300, 2009). Major areas for extensive checking should be revenues, accounts receivables, and cash. Case Study 1(b) In this case Web Ltd has expanded its IT capabilities through installation of new computer software. In the connection following audit planning issues have been encountered: There would be a change in the accounting process and consequently other internal processes, having bearing on the internal controls, will also undergo a change (Millichamp, 2002). The auditor must consider a thorough evaluation of the internal control system of the company. The auditor has to consider the overall impact of change in the information system on the audit risk (Millichamp, 2002). Case Study 1(c) Beauty Pty Ltd has established an overseas branch, which the main event that the auditor needs to consider while preparing overall plan for the audit. In this regard, there are various planning considerations for the auditor as detailed below: The inventory is transferred to the overseas branch from the domestic unit; therefore, the auditor should plan to check internal controls in relation to inventory transfer (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). Assessing the materiality of overseas operations, the auditor should plan the resources needed to be allocated for the verification of the breach operations. The auditor should consider the risk of fraud and error in relation to the overseas operations and analyze the impact of that risk on the overall audit of the company (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). Case Study 2(a) The test of controls is the process employed by the auditor to assess the adequacy of the internal control system. Thus, the focus of test of controls is on verifying and assessing that whether the internal control system of the company is adequate for the purpose (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). However, the substantive approach is followed when the auditor desires to verify an amount of financial statements. Substantive testing entails more rigorous and in depth checking and it helps the auditor to collect corroborative evidences. Therefore, it could be inferred that its the purpose that forms the basis for selection between test of controls and substantive testing. Further, the initial risk assessment of the auditor also plays crucial role in deciding as whether to apply test of controls or substantive tests. Case Study 2(b) Audit approach refers to the methodology adopted by the auditor. In the cases involving high risk, the auditor adopts risk based audit approach, which requires auditor to maintain professional skepticism and alertness throughout the audit. Thus, it is the risk factor that affects the auditors mind set and thus, the audit approach (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). At the planning stage, the auditor assesses the inherent and control risk to evaluate the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements. If the auditors assessment is that the combined level of inherent and control risk is high, it would be necessary for the auditor to adopt more rigorous checking. The increased extent of verification will help to reduce the detection risk low and thereby controlling the overall audit risk within the risk appetite. Case Study 2(c) Depreciation is the material item of expenses to be verified by the auditor, thus, it is crucial that the auditor deals with it carefully. The auditor should be completely satisfied with the accuracy and completeness of the amount disclosed as depreciation in the books of accounts. In order to ensure that the amount of depreciation as shown in the books of accounts is correct, the auditor should perform the following procedures: The auditor should perform recalculations by computing the amount of depreciation himself and cross verify the results with the books of accounts (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). Further, the auditor should ensure that proper internal controls are in place to safeguard assets. Apart from that the auditor should also check completeness assertion to ensure that the all assets which should have depreciated have in fact been depreciated. For this purpose, the auditor should consider physical verification of the assets and tally the results with the books. Case Study 3 The financial reporting is the process of preparation of financial statements which comprises of income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement. These financial statements are prepared to communicate the required information to the investors and other stakeholder such as government and lenders. Thus, the question of reliability of the information communicated to the group of stakeholders arises, which gives rise to the need of auditing. The auditing is carried out by an independent third party to verify that the information communicated through the financial statements is true and correct. Thus, in this way the auditing and financial reporting is linked to each other (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). Further, it is also important to note that auditing increases credibility of the financial statements prepared by the entity and generates faith in the stakeholders. Thus, it is inevitable to carry out auditing after preparation of the financial statements (Gramling, Johnstone, and Rittenberg, 2012). References Ernst Young LLP. 2012. Ernst Young Tax Guide 2013. John Wiley Sons. Gramling, A.A., Johnstone, K.M., and Rittenberg, L.E. 2012. Auditing. Cengage Learning. IAS 300. 2009. Planning an Audit of Financial Statements. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ifac.org/system/files/downloads/a016-2010-iaasb-handbook-isa-300.pdf [Accessed on: 09 December 2016]. Millichamp. A.H. 2002. Auditing. Cengage Learning EMEA.

Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama

Introduction One of the main reasons why Restoration comedies The Country Wife by William Wycherley and The Rover by Aphra Behn were able to attain a popularity with the members of viewing audiences at the time of their staging, is that both dramaturgical works contain themes and motifs of an unmistakably societal significance.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is, just as it is the case with Wycherley’s comedy, the one written by Behn does address the socio-cultural effects of Restoration on British society. In this paper, I will explore the validity of this suggestion at length, while arguing that; whereas, The Country Wife is best discussed within the conceptual framework of a ‘subversive comedy’, The Rover fits better into the framework of a ‘social comedy’ (as defined by Can field). Main body According to Canfield: â€Å"Subversive comedy reveals fissures under the smooth surface of official ideology, even as the play end in ritual celebration of society’s centripetal power – usually a marriage† (XVII). [This is how the page, containing Canfield’s definition, is numbered]. Canfield’s term implies that this particular type of comedy exposes deep-seated inconsistencies between the official state-ideology and the actual state of socio-cultural affair in the country. In order for us to be able to substantiate the suggestion that the earlier provided definition does apply to Wycherley’s comedy, we will have to make mentioning of what were the specifics of a socio-political situation in Britain, during the course of Restoration. Before being allowed to return to Britain and to assume British throne, Charles II was made to promise that, while acting as a king, he would refrain from trying to limit the British citizensà ¢â‚¬â„¢ newly gained civil liberties, including the right to enjoy a religious freedom. This created a somewhat paradoxical situation – whereas, the government headed by Charles II predominantly consisted of ‘old school’ aristocrats, strongly affiliated with the representatives of largely Catholic social elites in Europe, the majority of ordinary Britons were in fact Protestants, who resented the ‘immorality’ of the Charles’s court. Thus, in order to be considered a legitimate ruler, Charles II had no other option but to act on behalf of these people, while safeguarding Britain’s interests, as an essentially ‘Protestant country’ – even at the expense of imposing a certain ideological censorship on the members of his formally Catholic/Anglican but factually atheist entourage.Advertising Looking for term paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is needless to mention, of course, that the court’s aristocratic sophisticates (libertines) were far from considering such state of affairs thoroughly normal. However, while being unable to openly express their lack of enthusiasm towards the prospect of having to coexist peacefully with ‘brutish commoners’, they nevertheless used to do it in a rather subtle manner – such as by favoring the plays, which were supposed to expose the officially sponsored ideology of a ‘national unity’, as having been utterly superficial (Jones, 298). Therefore, it will be fully appropriate, on our part, to refer to Wycherly’s The Country Wife as an unmistakably ‘subversive comedy’. This is because it does promote the idea that, contrary to what were the provisions of the political ideology of Restoration, there was in fact an irreconcilable existential gap between the intellectually advanced/liberated but strongly cynical representatives o f British ‘old school’ aristocracy, on the one hand, and the greed-driven/intellectually shallow but pretentiously religious Protestants (Puritans), on the other (Malcolm, 309). As Canfield noted in his book The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century Drama: â€Å"Subversive comedy tends to focus on†¦ centrifugal energy. Sometimes this energy strains the seams that hope or pretend to stitch together a superficially homogeneous ruling class out of the heterogeneous elements of a tenuous oligarchic coalition† (121). The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to a number of comedy’s scenes, which ridicule the ‘virtuous gang’ members’ tendency to remain strongly committed to leading ‘morally sound’ lifestyles, as the foremost proof of their de facto bestiality. [This is just an introductory statement – it implies that its validity will be illustrated in the paperâ€℠¢s consequential parts]. For example, while explaining his rationale to adopt the posture of a sexually impotent man, Horner states that it is specifically the targeted ‘virtuous’ women’s observable repulsion towards sexually-incapacitated males, which should serve him as the actual indication that, despite being ‘morally uptight’, they nevertheless strongly crave for an adulterous sex. Hence, the discursive significance of Horner’s suggestion that: â€Å"I can be sure, she that shows an aversion to me loves the sport (sex) as those Women that are gone, whom I warrant to be right† (The Country Wife Act 1. Scene 1. Lines 30-31). As Hynes noted: â€Å"Presumably, the women who make the greatest fuss about honor, virtue, and chastity are in fact the most lustful and therefore the most promising subjects† (175). Apparently, having been a rather wise individual, Horner was perfectly aware that one’s adherence to the moralistic dogmas of a particular religion does not make the concerned individual less of an animal, in the biological sense of this word.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This implicitly promoted idea was meant to reveal the sheer hypocrisy of how overly religious ‘commoners’ used to address life-challenges, while assuming that the objective laws of nature did not have any effect on them. [This is just my personal interpretation, which is why there is no need to cite any source, in order to confirm the interpretation’s validity]. Another subject of the Wycherley comedy’s societal criticism was the fact that, despite praising the Christian values of ‘love and tolerance’, the male-representatives of the newly emerged social class of bourgeoisie nevertheless could never bring themselves t o recognize the basic humanity of women. This is because the sheer strength of these people’s commitment to generating a commercial income (according to the Protestant doctrine, one’s financial well-being is the foremost proof that he or she is in favor with God) created objective preconditions for them to refer to women in terms of a soulless commodity (Weber, 35). For example, it is not only that one the comedy’s main characters Jack Pinchwife (representing country-commoners) [The play’s context suggests that the character of Jack Pinchwife is a commoner] used to deny his wife Margery the liberty of being able to socialize with others, but he in fact was quite comfortable with the idea disfiguring her physically, as the ultimate confirmation of his ‘possession’ of this woman. There is a memorable scene in the comedy, when Jack forces Margery to write a letter to Horner, while threatening to ‘punish’ her would-be-disobedience wi th a knife: â€Å"Write as I bid you, or I will write ‘Whore’ with this knife in your Face† (The Country Wife Act 4. Scene 2. Line 79). By having this scene included in the comedy, Wycherly wanted to show that, despite having attained a social prominence, the representatives of London’s ‘new money’ bourgeoisie never ceased to remain ‘animals’ on the inside – not just irreconcilably alienated from the ideals of a courtly gallantry, but utterly incapable of understanding what the notion of a behavioral decency stands for. It is quite clear that the comedy’s exposure of these people’s actual ways was meant to undermine even further the integrity of the officially upheld ideology of a ‘national unity’. [This is because the comedy shows that, psychologically speaking, aristocrats and commoners differ from each other rather drastically].Advertising Looking for term paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, it would not be fully appropriate to discuss the subversive subtleties of The Country Wife, as being solely concerned with exposing the ‘fissures’. After all, it is not only that Wycherly succeeded in revealing the sheer pretentiousness/shallowness of the comedy’s ‘morally virtuous’ characters, such as Jack Pinchwife and Lady Fidget, but he also showed the actual roots of their hypocritical attitudes. Hence, another important aspect of the comedy’s ‘subversiveness’, as such that subtly promoted the idea that, regardless of the amount of the received education, natural-born commoners are simply incapable of matching the aristocrats’ cognitive-perceptual sophistication. As Knapp pointed out: â€Å"The gallants in The Country Wife place a high priority on witty conversation and object to the witless Sparkish’s interference with it† (454). The full soundness of this statement can be well explored in regards to the comedy’s scenes, in which Horner mocks Mr. Sparkish’s outright stupidity – despite the fact that the latter continues to remain fully convinced that he is indeed a sophisticate individual: â€Å"No gad, he’ll never let her (Margery) come amongst us good fellows. Your stingy country Coxcomb keeps his wife from his friends as he does his little Firkin of Ale for his own drinking. Ha, ha, ha, gad, I am witty† (The Country Wife Act 4. Scene 3. Lines 184-187). In this respect, Wycherley’s message is clear – one’s consciously adopted posture in life has very little to do with what the concerned individual really is, in the de facto sense of this word. This message’s discursive implications are also quite apparent – people’s strive to gain a social prominence cannot be discussed in terms of a ‘thing in itself’, as it is only the inheritably noble (and therefore, intelligent) individuals , who are being naturally ‘preordained’ to exercise a political authority within the society. Thus, by mocking ‘piggish commoners’, Wycherley’s comedy in fact undermined the Restoration’s conceptual legitimacy, as such that occurred due to the involved parties’ willingness to reconcile – even though that they never truly believed in the reconciliation’s long-lastingness. Discussion Whereas, Wycherley’s comedy clearly aimed to undermine the discursive provisions of Restoration [that is, this comedy aimed to expose the earlier mentioned ‘fissures’], as the event that contrary to its formal significance, legitimized the British bourgeoisie’s continual dominance in the country’s public life, Aphra Behn’s The Rover had the opposite agenda – convincing viewers that, despite their rather flamboyant lifestyles, British exiled nobles were in fact the nation’s integral part. Thi s, was meant to provide citizens with yet another reason to think of the Restoration, as having been fully justified. Therefore, The Rover can be well discussed in terms of a ‘social comedy’, because it does adhere to the Canfield’s definition of this particular dramaturgical sub-genre: â€Å"Social comedy socializes threats against hegemonic culture†¦ Good nature and generosity replace wit and energy as the supreme values†¦ – even as bourgeois morality becomes an ethic of sentiment, of benevolence, providing the rationale for patronizing the less fortunate, less civilized† (XVII). [This is how the page, containing Canfield’s definition, is numbered]. After all, the themes and motifs [concerned with advancing the cause of Restoration], contained in this particular comedy, do serve the purpose of convincing viewers that there was indeed a very little rationale for them to think of formerly exiled loyalists (‘banish’t Cav aliers’), as having been psychologically alienated from the rest of British ‘common’ citizens. [This is an interpretative statement, supported by the following citation]. In this respect, one hardly disagree with Beach: â€Å"The fact that the play was embraced by the court suggests that The Rover expresses a pro-Stuart ideology, yet its position was moderate and ï ¬â€šexible enough to allow its survival beyond its historical moment† (2). The legitimacy of the earlier suggestion can be shown in relation to the following ideological aspects of Behn’s comedy: First, The Rover promotes the idea that, contrary to what contemporaries used to think of exiled gallants, there was nothing ‘effeminate’ about these people’s postures in life (Beach 7). The character of Willmore is especially illustrative, in this respect. It is not only that he never tries to avoid fighting with the numerically superior Spanish, but also he always ends up c hasing them away in the end, while usually commenting their ‘retreats’ in a rather sarcastic manner: â€Å"A plague upon your Dons, if they fight no better they’ll ne’er recover Flanders.- What the Devil was’t to them that I took down the Picture?† (The Rover Act 2. Scene 2. Lines 201-203). As it can be well seen from the above-quotation, it was a customary practice for Willmore to refer to his Spanish competitors with utter disrespect, due to their cowardly attitudes. There is even more to it – the second part of Willmore’s remark implies that, as compared with the British, the Spanish are differently ‘brain-wired’. Whereas, the Spanish are ‘emotion-driven’, the British are ‘rationale-driven’ – hence, the key to the existential superiority of the latter. Apparently, Behn was trying to advance the idea that there was nothing accidental about the fact that, regardless of what happened to be the actual form of the British government (monarchy or republic) in the past, Britons never had a problem, while subduing their Spanish counterparts. It is needless to mention, of course, that there is a strongly defined nationalist sentiment to it, which in turn implies that, while working on The Rover, Behn wanted to prompt viewers to think that it is not their class-status that matters, but rather their national affiliation. [This is an interpretative statement, supported by the earlier provided line of argumentation]. Second, The Rover promotes the idea that, even though the exiled British ‘cavaliers’ did not have any other option but socialize with Catholics, there was nothing ‘treacherous’ about it, as the gallants in question never ceased recognizing the apparent fallacies of Catholicism. For example, after having listened to Hellena’s plans of becoming a nun, Willmore exclaims â€Å"A Nun! Oh how I love thee for’t! thereâ€℠¢s no Sinner like a young Saint† (The Rover Act 1. Scene 2. Lines 70-71). Obviously enough, this Willmore’s remark was meant to expose him as a rationally minded individual, highly skeptical of the Catholics’ tendency to follow the dogmas of their religion, regardless of how nonsensical the latter might have been. This, of course, was intended to provide the audience members with a yet additional reason to believe that, despite the Restoration’s formally ‘reactionary’ nature [monarchy is the discursively outdated form of government], there was nothing truly reactionary about it, as it is one’s endowment with the sense of ‘Englishness’ which reflects upon his or her social value, and not the concerned person’s religion (Beach 8). Hence, yet another justification for our earlier suggestion that The Rover does in fact belong to the sub-genre of a ‘social comedy’ – this play subtly argues that it is s pecifically the governmental officials’ ability to maintain the society’s structural integrity, which should be considered the main indication of their professional adequacy. Third, Behn’s comedy shows that the Britain’s eventual transformation from being ruled by ‘nobles’ to being ruled by ‘merchants’ was bound to occur – regardless of the aristocrats’ attitude towards it. This [‘What?’ what?] is the true significance of the motif of prostitution, explored throughout the comedy’s entirety. There is another memorable scene in The Rover, where Angelica tries to enlighten Willmore, as to the fact that there is nothing fundamentally different between women ‘renting’ their bodies to make a commercial profit, on the one hand, and men marrying women ‘in good faith’ for essentially the same purpose, on the other: â€Å"Pray, tell me, Sir, are not you guilty of the same mercena ry Crime? When a Lady is proposed to you for a Wife, you never ask, how fair, discreet, or virtuous she is; but what’s her Fortune – which if but small, you cry – She will not do my business – and basely leave her†¦?† (The Rover Act 2. Scene 2. Lines 105-109). There is a strongly defined discursive overtone to this Angelica’s remark (with which Willmore agrees) – Behn wanted to advance the idea that, since the relations between men and women can be well conceptualized in terms of commercial transactions, there is nothing wrong about the process of the 17th century’s British society becoming ever more ‘commercialized’. After all, men and women comprise just about any human society. [This is the common sense knowledge]. As Szilagyi noted: â€Å"Angelica’s prostitution†¦ is, in principle, foundational for all the socio-political contracts between individuals in public life† (449). In other words , by prompting readers to adopt an intellectually flexible attitude towards the notion of prostitution, in general, Behn was simultaneously trying to enlighten them on the discursive connotations of socio-economic dynamics within the British society, in particular – hence, patronizing them to an extent. [The validity of this statement is confirmed by the above-quotation and by what are the interpretative implications of the earlier deployed line of an argumentative reasoning]. By doing it, she undoubtedly contributed towards the process of British formally monarchist government striving to set the country on the path of cultural and technological progress. This, of course, once again confirms the validity of the earlier suggestion that The Rover may indeed be discussed in terms of a ‘social comedy’. [The reason for this is apparent – as opposed to what it happened to be the case with ‘subversive comedies’, The Rover does not strive to expose t he ‘centrifugal energy’ within the society, but rather to conceal it. This is also the example of an interpretative statement, so I do not quite understand why I am being required to provide any reference-sources]. Conclusion I believe that the deployed line of argumentation, in regards to what should be considered the extent of each of the analyzed plays’ consistency with Canfield’s definitions of ‘subversive’ and ‘social’ Restoration comedies, fully correlates with the paper’s initial thesis. [There are no Canfield’s ‘terms’ per se, but only his highly subjective (pretentiously sophisticate but rather unintelligible, I may add) visions, as to what the concepts of ‘subversive’ and ‘social’ comedy stand for. Therefore, I am not in a position to provide universally applicable explanations to these ‘terms’ (I will be asked for ‘sources’ again), since the very essence of the discussed subject matter denies such a possibility. We do not talk nuclear physics here; there are no scientific formulas involved. The points made earlier, do expose the discursive difference between both comedies. If these points are not clear to you, I will be able to highlight them for your convenience]. Works Cited Beach, Adam. â€Å"Carnival Politics, Generous Satire, and Nationalist Spectacle in Behn’s The Rover.† Eighteenth-Century Life 28.3 (2004): 1-19.Print. Behn, Aphra 1677, The Rover. PDF file. 31 Mar. 2013. https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/719/rover.pdf?sequence=1 Canfield, Douglas. The Broadview Anthology of Restoration and Early  Eighteenth Century Drama. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2001. Print. Canfield, Douglas. Tricksters and Estates: On the Ideology of Restoration  Comedy. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1997. Print. Hynes, Peter. â€Å"Against Theory? Knowledge and Action in Wyche rley’s Plays.†Ã‚  Modern Philology 94.2 (1996): 163-189. Print. Jones, James. â€Å"Liberty secured? Britain Before After 1688.† Canadian  Journal of History 28. 2 (1993): 295-305. Print. Knapp, Peggy. â€Å"The ‘Plyant’ Discourse of Wycherley’s ‘The Country Wife’.†Ã‚  Studies in English Literature 40.3 (2000): 451-472. Print. Malcolm, Joyce. â€Å"Charles II and the Reconstruction of Royal Power.† The  Historical Journal 35.2 (1992): 307-330. Print. Szilagyi, Stephen. â€Å"The Sexual Politics of Behn’s Rover: After Patriarchy.†Ã‚  Studies in Philology 95.4 (1998): 435-455. Print. Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Routledge, London, 2001. Print. Wycherly, William 1675, The Country Wife. PDF file. Web. This term paper on Subversive Comedy vs Social Comedy Essay in Restoration Drama was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Essay on Eastern Sentiments

Essay on Eastern Sentiments Essay on Eastern Sentiments Essay on Eastern SentimentsEastern Sentiments is the book written by Yi T’aejun on his experience as Korean intellectual living in the country occupied by the foreign superpower, Japan, which had taken the tight control over the nation but still Koreans had preserved the opportunity to develop their culture and maintain their traditions, in spite of the occupation. The book involves the broad scope of different aspects of life described by the author. He shifts from the personal experience to national and regional ones describing the life of the nation and East Asian region under Japanese control. In such a way, the book is a valuable primary source of information on the colonial era and the life of Korean people and East Asia under the Japanese rule.   The experience described by Yi contributes to the better understanding of the colonial policy conducted by Japan on occupied territories and how the population of occupied countries responded to the Japanese rule. Yi reveals the colonial perspective on the life of Korean people under the Japanese rule and how the colonialism affected the life of Korean society and culture, individuals and East Asian region at large.The author narrates the story from the perspective of Korean intellectual, who holds the position in the upper-class in Korean society. Yi was the scientists, who dedicated his life to his scientific work, although he was never sure whether it was work at all. At any rate, in his book he clearly states that he does not really view his actions as the work. Nevertheless, he does his best to describe in details his personal experience of Korea in the time of the Japanese colonization. The colonization was the most significant event that can be clearly traced throughout the book, while Yi seems just to record his experience and makes his observations in the anecdotal form. More important, he does not just narrates the story of colonization but, instead, he gives the retrospection to the Korean pa st allowing readers to compare how he and Koreans lived before and during the colonization.At the same time, the author uncovers the position of Korean upper-class under Japanese occupation. As a representative of the upper-class he is not involved in any manual labor. Instead, he dedicates all his life to scientific works and whatever he likes to do, including gardening, cultural studies and performing other activities which are interesting and important for him in person. His lifestyle and activities were the characteristic of the lifestyle of the representative of the upper-class in Korean society. In this regard, the Japanese occupation and colonization of Korea did not have a considerable impact on the lifestyle of the upper-class of Korea. Instead, they led the same lifestyle. The only change the colonial policy had on the upper-class of Korea was the limitation of access of representatives of the class to the political power of the country and the supremacy of Japan that held the full political authority and power over Korea. On transmitting the political power to Japan, Koreans still preserved their economic privileges and cultural autonomy as long as they remained within their community which Yi defines as the interior space of Koreans during the colonization. Naturally, the Japanese got political and economic preferences as the country that occupied and colonized Japan but the Japanese did not eliminated Korean upper-class or changed the balance of power in the Korean society. The upper-class remained in the privileged position, while lower-classes born the major burden of the occupation which though referred to political and economic fields mainly, while cultural effects were dubious since Koreans   had managed to preserve their culture, while Japanese colonists were respected and Japanese cultural norms and traditions were manifested and supported publicly but it was rather showing-off attempts or manifestations of the respect to Japanese culture than the true admiration and acceptance of Japanese culture by Koreans.The book provides the detailed description of the Korean culture focusing on specific issues which are the characteristic of Korean culture, such as calligraphy. For instance, Yi describes calligraphy is one of the major achievements of Korean culture, which though may be unusual for the western audience, but still it helps to understand better Korean culture of that time and reveals the development of cultural traditions of Korea. Yi writes different anecdotal stories which uncover cultural norms and traditions of Korean people which Koreans preserved, regardless of the Japanese occupation and colonization of the country by the foreign power. In such a way, the writer uncovers the power of Korean culture and impact of traditions on the lifestyle of Koreans. In fact, the book shows that Koreans had preserved their cultural identity during the colonization and Japan had failed to ruin or change the cultural ident ity of Koreans.At this point, it is possible to refer to the personal experience of Yi, who apparently regrets about the past of Korea and he feels nostalgic about the past, when the Choson dynasty ruled Korea. His regrets are the result of his position of a scholar, who held the honorable position in the Korean society (Uchida 2011). He was free not to do any manual labor and was a highly respected person. In such a way, he could focus on his scientific research and explorations.   As a representative of Korean intellectual elite, Yi had preserved his cultural identity throughout the occupation and colonial time. He remained Korean all his life and the Japanese occupation had never changed his identity. Therefore, the author implies that other Koreans also had preserved their cultural identity during the colonial time. Such a preservation of the cultural identity of Koreans proves that Japan has proved to be either unable or unwilling to set absolutely new ideology in the coloniz ed territories (Randall188). The author describes the colonial experience of Koreans as the ‘mild’ colonization that may be unusual for western readers, who have the reading experience related to the colonial experience during the Nazi rule in Europe, when Nazi Germany imposed the fascist ideology on occupied territories eliminating any forms of opposition or difference (Uchida 2011). Even though Japan also enhanced fascist ideology, its impact was not overwhelming in Korea and the local population had preserved the cultural identity that was different from that of Japan.The author describes traditions and lifestyle of Korean people focusing on the life of representatives of the upper-class mainly, although he includes the description of other classes too (Wells 4). The theme of the life of a scientist in Korea of the 1930s is one of the main themes of his book. The life of the scientist in Korea was the life of the representative of the upper-class, who was free of the manual labor and had plenty opportunities to conduct his scientific studies as was the case of Yi.At the same time, Yi is not a narrowly nationalist in his writing concerning the socio-cultural environment he lived in. Instead, he has elaborated a broader view on the development of Korean and East Asian culture. In fact, he conducts the exploration of East Asian culture focusing on Chinese poetry, Japanese literature and culture. The broader view on the colonial policy and occupation of East Asian countries by Japan allows revealing the essence of colonial policies of Japan on occupied territories. The author views the colonization not as a mere occupation of Korea by Japan but as a part of the large scale expansionist policy conducted by Japan which was driven by its imperialist ambitions, while fascism served as the ideological ground for the territorial expansion of Japan and occupation of Korea and other countries in East Asia.   In such a way, Yi viewed Korea and Korean cult ure in the context of the East Asian culture. Therefore, he has managed to overcome national boundaries and has had a broader view on Korean culture in the context of East Asian one. Yi has managed to show the cultural development of East Asian countries under the Japanese rule. Yi estimates that other countries also tended to share Korean experience of colonization and Japan conducted similar policies in other countries of the East Asian region.In this regard, the colonial impact of Japan played probably an important part in the development of the worldview of the author because the occupation of Korea by Japan opened new broader perspectives on Korean and East Asian culture. Hence, the Japanese occupation contributed to the broadening of the eyesight of the author. As a result, he viewed the historical and cultural development of East Asia not from the sheer Korean perspective but from the East Asian or universal one.At the same time, the author uncovers the considerable impact of Japanese culture on Korea and population of occupied countries but this impact was basically limited to the political control and economic privileges of Japanese on occupied territories. In addition, the population of occupied territories viewed Japanese culture as mainstream but still they preserved their cultural identity and maintained their cultural norms and traditions.   However, the experience of the life of Korean people under the Japanese occupation reveals a number of noteworthy facts which reveal the substantial difference of Korean occupational experience with that of European countries during World War II, for example.Along with the profound attention to the cultural life of Korean and East Asian society, he focused on the broader scope of his description of social and cultural life of his time. In fact, his narrative is the detailed description of people living in his time, their problems, issues that were important for them. In such a way, his narrative reveals the modernity which Yi describes in details and readers feel the spirit of his epoch and the life of people living in Korea and East Asia in the 1930s.Yi also conducted the study of literature during the 1930s, which also saw the rise of Japanese fascism. The author uncovers the transformation of Japanese literature during the 1930s reveal clearly the trend to the emergence of fascism in Japan. The trend to the rise of faschism in Japan grew stronger along with the aggressive foreign polices of Japan. In such a way, the author gives insights into the essence of colonial policies as impersialist ones, while the occupation and colonization of new territories were justified by the fascist ideology which laid the foundation to expansionist policies of Japan.At the same time, he manifested his opposition to Japan publishing some avant-garde writers, although he had never openly opposed to Japan or criticized it publicly. In such a way, he remain devoted to his Korean cultural norms and trad itions, assisted the development of Korean literature and culture but formally or publicly remained loyal or, at the most, indifferent, to Japan.Social inequality was beneficial for the wealthy, upper class and even the occupation of Korea by Japan did not have absolutely destructive impact on their position (Yi, 185). In such a way, social inequality becomes one of the main themes of his books, which though is not always intentionally presented by the author. On the contrary, the social inequality becomes obvious from the context, as Yi uncovers his own life, as the life of the representative of the upper-class. On conveying his personal experience, Yi shows how different was his life from the life of the average people in Korea as well as other East Asian countries.At the same time, the author pays attention to the theme of the life and work of a scientist in Korean society of his time. He uncovers this theme because it is apparently close to him as a scientist. Being scientist hi mself, Yi shows that he did not suffer the severe oppression during the colonial time. Even though he regrets about the past, he does it just because he regrets about the Korean dynasty which he considered to be better for him because he liked their policies better than Japanese one, although such preferences may be the result of his patriotism rather than the quality and effects of policies conducted by the Japanese (Uchida 2011).However, one of the main themes of the book is the theme of occupation. At this point, it is quite noteworthy to compare the occupation of Korea by Japan and the occupation of western countries. For instance, the occupation of western countries is traditionally depicted as the severe oppression and full suppression of national movements, elite, and cultures. The Japanese occupation was milder than western one judging from the book written by Yi, who depicts the Japanese occupation of Korea as the ‘mild’ occupation compared to western perceptio n of occupation. Yi reveals the fact that, in spite of suppression from the part of Japanese, the local, i.e. Korean, upper-class still maintained its position.At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that Yi distinguishes private and public spaces in colonized countries. Referring to the Korean experience, he insists that colonized nations tend to develop interior spaces, where they maintain their cultural norms and traditions. At the same time, there is the public sphere controlled by colonizer.   More important, there was no direct suppression of Korean culture by Japanese one as was the case of European occupational policies conducted by the Nazi Germany, for instance, which imposed German culture and rules on occupied territories (Wells 17).   In contrast to Japan the Nazi attempted to control all spheres of social life suppressing any manifestation of opposition or devotion to non-Nazi norms and traditions (Wells 17).Furthermore, Yi uses anecdotal essays as a popular form of narration which attracted the audience and made the book interesting for the large audience, including not only those, who are interested in Korea and Asia studies, but also the average readers, who want to explore new horizons and learn more about different countries of the world. In such a way, the author uncovers the impact of the colonization through anecdotal stories which depicted different episodes from the life of Yi and life of other people.Thus, the book Eastern Sentiments by Yi T’aejun reveals the experience of the writer, who depicts his life and the life of Koreans under Japanese occupation. At the same time, the author offers a broad view on the colonial policy of Japan and its impact on East Asian countries. In this regard, the author reveals the fact that Koreans had preserved their cultural identity, in spite of the colonization, but they had to develop dubious models of behavior. On the one hand, they retained their interior space, where they remain ed fully devoted to their Korean traditions, cultural norms and standards. On the other hand, there was the public domain, where Koreans had to manifest their loyalty to the Japanese and Japanese culture. Nevertheless, Korean culture and the upper-class maintained their pre-colonial position mainly, while the colonization had   had the most significant impact on the political and economic life of occupied territories.

Electronic Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic Commerce - Essay Example This dissertation will overview a software architecture based on use of Web Services for dynamically binding data in Business-to-Business (B2B) software applications known as Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). It will carry out analysis of productivity issues for major components of Web Services that consist of four technologies in combination that provide an implementation of SOA: HTTP as the primary network protocol, SOAP/XML for the payload format, UDDI for service registry, and WSDL to describe the service interfaces. Partitioning ability directly enables the creation of application partitions. These partitions are created to enable a more targeted use of back end data, requiring less throw-away caching and improved write capacity to databases. While partitioning will not realize the claims surrounding performance and availability on its own, it is able to establish the foundation upon which these benefits are achieved. Multithreading is used to process multiple units of work asynchronously from a single Web service call. Multiple threads can be executed in parallel on many computer systems. Multithreading generally occurs by time slicing where a single processor switches between different threads, or by multiprocessing where threads are executed on separate processors. Cashing raises productiveness of computing ... Clustered Web systems are typically composed of two or more individual systems coupled together via a network. Clustering provides high-availability by moving applications between nodes (computers in the cluster) if a node fails. Asymmetric clustering has one node active and the other monitoring and waiting while symmetric clustering has all nodes active, able to take one more programs if one fails. Also suggestion for performance measure for software applications such as CRM, ERP, WMS, etc built on Service Oriented Architecture will be given. Contribution of the Project The project addresses the need for a more productive communications framework to allow any company to extend its existing legacy applications with minimal overheads that is especially important for developing countries. Service Oriented Architecture can address many of the industry failings allowing a developer to dynamically connect to Web service A and maybe later switch to Web Service C, without intervention. This work allows a Web Service to provide a more productive mechanism to connect users, vendors, and applications regardless of the technology or devices they use or their location. Based on industry standard protocols and universal vendor support that can leverage the internet for low cost communications as well as other offerings for mobile devices, allowing loosely coupled messaging, multiple connectivity and information sharing scenarios via services that are self describing and can be automatically discovered. This advancement will allow for a common uniform interface to build on their Web Services and deploy them in the UDDI registries for other companies to find them,

Learning Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Learning Language - Essay Example When a child is born, either in a congested urban slum or in privileged ghettos, either in mountainous hilly villages or to a wealthy noble family. At that time a child is not concerned with any of the social interaction with each other through language, or that the concern about the production of grammatically well-formed sentences, but a means for acting in the world in order to establish relationships with others so that it might be easier for him to communicate information and to engage with them in joint activities. We can say that a child is thus born into a community of language users whose social interaction in the form of symbols, gestures and facial expressions makes him learn and his learning of language forms part of his socialization as a member of that community. To acquire complete control of the complex patterns of his native or mother language is, therefore, placed on the second account, which is mentioned above in the following words of ‘language as a resource ’. A child when interacts in whatever environment and in whatever circumstances, experience through interacting with his environment and acquires the resources of the language of his community and learns how to make use of those resources in order to achieve a variety of purposes in relation to different people in different situations. The language which children under 4 years use is easily recognizable as their mother tongue it is also readily apparent that it is very different from the language of most adults. But exactly in what ways and in what respect it differs from adult language depends on consideration of the various component skills and the different kinds of social and conceptual knowledge which underlie language. For example, two young children clearly after learning the meaning of a large number of words are able to string words together into

Baseball in America Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baseball in America - Assignment Example The contribution of the frugal club owners in uplifting the Dead Ball Era is quite noteworthy. This might be owing to the reason that they had been viewed to remain much reluctant in spending money towards purchasing new balls if not required. Hence, leading to the inhibition of the players’ skills, as new balls are essentially required in the sports to maintain bowling speed and intended direction from preventing the opponent team to score runs (or points). The inhibited proficiencies of the players to perform exemplary due to their non-availability of new balls resulted in the onset of low-scoring games. This also contributed in fueling the Dead Ball Era. Furthermore, the low-scoring games became much prevalent during that period due to certain changes made in the rules while playing the game. For instance, the National League in the year 1901 adopted the rule of â€Å"foul-strike†, which counted foul balls as strikes. Prior to the adoption of this rule, the batters c ould securely swing at several marginal pitches and thus, permitted for more hits. However, with the introduction of this rule, the batters had to make numerous marginal pitches without being swung on, which eventually lessened the number of hits of the batters and prevented them from making an easier win. This ultimately resulted in low-scoring games and thus, it was duly considered one of the prime contributory aspects, which laid the foundation of the Dead Ball Era. The end of The Dead Ball Era was witnessed after the demise of Ray Chapman, who was hit in one of the innings of a â€Å"twilight game† by a ‘submarine pitch’ made by one of the players named Carl Mays in the year 1920. This was mainly due to the ball, which became discolored and harder to be seen, resulting in the fatality. The occurrence and worldwide criticism of â€Å"1919 Chicago Black Sox Scandal† also contributed in intensifying the Dead Ball Era and leading to its conclusion.  

Bioanalytical Technique Practical

Bioanalytical Technique Practical Introduction Improvement in technology has widened the domain of bioanalytics, reliable and reproducible data can be obtained from several instruments and protocols. The drug arena has become really competitive and it is thus imperative that an understanding of the different techniques is crucial to the isolation and analysis of biomolecules. This report is focused on the BCA assay for protein estimation and data analysis of SEC using a UPLC system. The BCA assay is a modified assay that is used for the detection and quantification of total protein in a given sample. The assay generates a purple colour which is as a result of the chelation reaction of bicinchoninic acid with cuprous ions. The complex formed as a result of the reaction is known to exhibit a very strong absorbance at a wavelength of 562nm and this shows an increasing linearity with the amount of protein in a given sample. Two main components make up the assay; the standard curve and the unknown protein sample. The BCA assay is widely used because of its sensitivity and compatibility with detergents and several other buffer types. The drawback however with the assay is that it is not as rapid as some other estimation method such as the Bradford due the incubation time required and moreover it is not an endpoint reaction as colour continues to develop even af ter incubation. The second part of this report is concerned with running a system suitability test on the waters BEH200 SEC UPLC instrument. The American and European Pharmacopeia specifically mentioned that the requirements for a system suitability testing on the day of analysis showing that it is fit for its intended use. It is worth mentioning that this has no bearing with the qualification of the instrument. Failure of any of the parameters simply means that an assay cannot commence. This testing is concerned more about the method on the day of analysis rather than the instrument per se. 1.1 Materials: Pipettes and appropriate tips Microcentrifuge tubes Microwell Plates HPLC Vials Bovine Serum Albumin Protein 2mg/ml BCA Reagent Deionised Water Perkin Elmer Plate Reader 100Mm sodium Phosphate Buffer Waters Aquity H Class Bio UPLC instrument Waters BEH200 SEC UPLC Column 1.2 Preparation of Standards: Standards were prepared as per instruction manual Table 1: Preparation of Protein Standards Calculations: Dilution factor = concentration of stock solution / concentration of diluted solution Volume of stock to add to water = Required volume of diluted solution/ Dilution factor Volume of water to add = required final volume / Volume of stock required 1.3 Preparation of Sample: The sample was prepared as per the instructions on the practical manual. Table 2: Test Sample Dilution 1.4 Preparation of BCA Reagent and Well: The BCA reagent was prepared and the 96 –well microplate was prepared and read in the [emailprotected] 562nm as per the instruction manual. 1.5 Data Analysis: Calculation: Equation of the linear least square fit can be represented as outlined below. Y = 0.0008 (X) – 0.0051 0.035691= 0.0008 (X) – 0.0051 X = 0.035691 + 0.0051/0.0008 X = 0.040791/0.0008 X = 50.98875 Taking the dilution factor into account we multiply by 5 The protein concentration is thus 50.98875 x 5 = 254.94mg/ml Discussion: The sample data had an anomaly, showing a negative reading on the third well. This is suggestive of contamination. The possibility of interference from the reagent can be ruled out because the standard was treated the same way and also taking into cognisance the fact that the experiment was not carried out under a non-denaturing condition. The likely cause could be due to dirt on the Microwell thus blocking out the necessary wavelength for the absorbance reading or the sampling pipette not delivering the right amount of reagent. The intensity of the colour change for the third well was observed to be less than the other two wells. There is also the possibility of the sample not being vortexed properly or sample settling to the bottom of tube. As mentioned earlier there seem to be an anomaly with our absorbance reading and this can be validated from our standard curve as it is not quite linear and on this basis we cannot absolutely rely on the result of the experiment. 2.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography Experiment The priming and purging of the UPLC instrument was carried out by the trainer as per the instruction manual. System suitability testing was then carried out to ensure that it is fit for purpose. The test serves to assure the reproducibility of the instrument and the method. It is a regulatory requirement which was mentioned in both the EU and US pharmacopoeias. The testing is important as it can allow for critical factors that could affect the performance of the instrument to be adjusted to meet the test criteria. Parameters such as the resolution, efficiency of the column, tailing factors, relative standard deviation etc. are used as criteria for comparison with regards to standards and test samples. The table below details the results obtained from the system suitability testing, reference standard and our test sample. The UPLC system used in our experiment can be said to be fit for purpose taking into consideration, the system suitability test. The results obtained were within our test criteria. The resolution of the peak and standard deviation of the different retention time was less than 1 which as a rule of the thumb is quite acceptable. Comparing the test sample to the reference standard one would not fail to notice that the first peak in the reference standard was a dimer while the second peak was a monomer but in our test sample the retention time of the first peak was really short showing evidence of a high molecular weight aggregation .Also from our result the second peak was our product dimer while the third peak was our product monomer. This result serves to highlight the mechanism of protein aggregation and the reason why it should be minimised as it impacts on the yield of the product and moreover it can affect the potency and therapeutic potential of the parenteral. It is also worth mentioning that sometimes early elution may not necessarily mean that there is aggregation, it could be for the simple reason that sometimes intrinsically unstructured proteins can elute so fast that they tend to behave like aggregates. A molecular weight comparison testing can be used to differentiate them. From our experiment the test sample showed increase aggregation and this can be explained given the fact that the experiment was not carried out under a non-denaturing environment. The possibility of column contamination or buffer contamination can help to encourage aggregation. It is also important that samples should be free of extraneous particles during injection as this can also be a determining factor. The changing environment of the mobile phase can also be construed as a possible cause of the aggregation observed. The temperature of the instrument is another factor that can play a role and as we all know that the Arrhenius theory of a 10Â °C increase in temperature speeding up a reaction does not relate to proteins as it rather opens up the pathway of denaturation and aggregation. Questions: Estimation of protein concentration is important as we have to know the amount of protein in our final product after fermentation to know if the bioprocess has to be optimised with regards to the expected titre value. The concentration of the protein can also allow for the portioning of the product into the right dosage formulation, certain therapeutic proteins are required in a very high dosage form and their production can be sometimes targeted at a particular section of the population e.g. during an epidemic outbreak to ensure potency and biological activity. The knowledge of the concentration of proteins can also allow us to work out the economy of scale with regards to the profit margin taking into account, the expense incurred in research and development and other aspect of the production process. It is also important to estimate the amount of protein in our biomass so as to be able to optimise our subsequent purification steps. The estimation of the protein concentration can a lso give us an idea of product related impurities and those associated with the process. Proteins are very complex molecules and are prone to several types of condition than cause instability from the starting stage of production to the end of their shelf life. Aggregation can be described in a layman’s term as the propensity for proteins to stick together under conditions such as a slight increase in temperature, pH, shear force, ionic strength of the solution they are contained in etc. Aggregation have been seen to cause delay in several novel biologics due to the debilitating effect on the health of the population that the drug is directed at and also in the context of compliance to regulatory authority as there is a specification to the amount of aggregates that can be allowed. It is extremely difficult if not impossible to totally eradicate aggregation from the process. It is worth mentioning however that the mechanism of aggregation is still subject to debate as it has not been fully understood. Aggregation can be reversible or irreversible depending on the stage it has attained as can be loss of primary structure. The potency of biologics as we all know are normally related to them being in their native structure, in most instances aggregation leads to the loss of activity and moreover the overall yield of the biotherapeutic is greatly affected. Aggregation has also been known to spur immune response in patients that have been administered with protein therapeutics affected by aggregation this could be by way of the neutralisation of antibodies that helps to ensure the effectiveness of the drug. In a worst case scenario the immunogenic reaction can lead to incurable conditions such as seen in patients with pure red cell aplasia where the red blood cells are attacked and blood transfusion is needed for life. The route of administration of biologics is intravenous and the presence of aggregation especially those of very high molecular size can result in the blockage of blood vessels. It is thus very important that at each stage of our production testing should be carried out to check for aggrega tion. Size exclusion chromatography is a purification system that exploits the molecular size of the compound of interest. Simply put it works just like a molecular sieve, smaller particles passes through the sieve which is the stationary phase and could be a bead coupled to a resin. The pore size of the beads are defined and on this basis it will only allow certain particle sizes to pass through while excluding those that are too large for the pore. The larger particles because they are not passing through the beads are thus excluded quickly, their retention time is thus said to be short. The smaller particles are retained longer while the larger particles earlier mentioned are eluted through the void volume. Different gels in use would typically have different pore sizes and can be used to determine the size of the molecules to be separated. Despite all the numerous advantages of size exclusion chromatography which has made it the gold standard over the years for analysing protein aggregation there are still some limitation associated this method. The possibility of the stationary phase and the analyte reacting together can be sometimes rife thus leading to a longer retention time which serves to mimic the compound as being of low molecular size. The cost associated with running this type of separation technique can also be enormous due to the fact that large columns and eluents are required and this serves to add to the overall cost of the unit operation. In comparison to other modes of separation, size exclusion chromatography can be said to have an inherent low resolution as there is a limited range of molecular weight that can be separated as a result of dependence on the pore size of the beads in use. There is also the possibility of proteolytic degradation as the protein of interest can become targets for proteolyt ic enzymes still present in solution. The accuracy of this technique can sometimes come into question due to the fact some aggregates will remain in solution and as such would not be detected. Also taking into consideration the fact that larger molecular aggregate leaves the column through the void volume, there is also the possibility. The possibility of the polymer in use to degrade is also a drawback as this can occur at a very high flow rate. The high flow rate as mentioned earlier can degrade the polymer and it also has the ability of altering the geometry of the beads in use making the separation technique inefficient

A Womans Place in Fantasia and So Long a Letter Essay -- Fantasia So

A Woman's Place in Fantasia and So Long a Letter Throughout history women have always had to stand behind their men (whether it be rules, tradition, etc.). In almost every history context, whether it about wars or people, they have almost been written by men for men. It is not even until this century that women in this country have gained new grounds for the equality that we hope will be as substantial with men’s equality. Despite women’s hopes for equality, there is always old traditions that are so hard to be break that they sometimes keep women in inferior positions. In these two novels, Fantasia and So Long a Letter ,we will explore how the women in these novels deal with modernity and the ways in which it conflicts with some of the traditions of their society. In So Long a Letter, the main character of the novel, Ramatoulaye is coming to grips of the hardships placed upon her when her husband takes on a second wife. In Ramatoulaye’s case, we see her conflicting emotions for she considers herself a feminist modern woman, however she is still somewhat submissive to the ways of tradition. She ponders on the alternatives, yet she comes to one conclusion, to stay with her husband. Her marriage paralleled that of her good friend’s Aissatou, however Aissatou was able to forge ahead with a new life that did not involve polygamy. Armed with her education and her strong will, Aissatou did not let tradition or fear sustain her in a relationship that she deemed degrading. Aissatou is the embodiment of all the hopes that Ramatoulaye and Aissatou had when they were young, to become strong independent women who would hold their heads up high in times of hardship. Ramatoulaye is envious of her friend Aissatou who is able to cut ... ...y had to, for they needed to recruit the help of all Algerian to help them in their cause. However, as time passes these freedoms are revoked. The women are left veiled once again and domesticated to the indoor. We’re able to see that Cherifa’s freedom as a fighter has changed. As the Revolution has ended, she is no longer able to run around freely as a man. In old age â€Å"[Cherifa] is housebound, As she sets her voice free, she sets herself free again; what nostalgia will cause her voice to fail presently†. Through these two novels, we’re able to see the quandaries that women must face when modernity and old customs come head to head. Both of these women remain brave and to try to sustain their new found freedoms, despite any difficult encounters. It is these women with their fierce ideals that would make them pioneers for all women liberation movements.

Code of Ethics

I am an employee at Liberty Mutual Insurance Group; Founded in Boston in 1912 to write workers compensation insurance. Liberty Mutual Group today has grown to become a diversified group of insurance company with operations worldwide. They offer Auto, Home, Commercial, Life, and Umbrella Policies. Like every business in the USA, Liberty has a Code of Business Ethics and Conduct-Guiding Principle. The purpose of the code is to create and maintain a sense of professionalism and give the public a standard to which it can hold a corporation or profession.I will discuss two of the guiding principle I feel are important. The first one is Honesty and Integrity. Liberty Mutual states that we conduct our business and interactions with fellow employees, customers and business contacts with the utmost honesty and integrity. We are dedicated to helping our customers and each other live safer, more secure lives. The strength of this code dictates that as a company the human quality of communicatio n is to act truthfully and adhere to a code of honor.This code gives employees a sense of pride to work for an organization promoting this type of behavior. It inspires workers to behave ethically. The weakness of this code is how do you monitor honesty and integrity in a large company such as Liberty Mutual, where there are 45,000 employees worldwide. The instruction in this code tends to be too general or vague. The second is a Safe and Professional Workplace; Liberty states that they are committed to treating all people with dignity and respect.This includes maintaining a safe and professional work environment that provides equal employment opportunities to all, is free of harassment or discrimination, and complies with all applicable federal, state and local laws. The strength of this code is to discipline people that violate any of the codes mandate. Employers have seen an increase in complaints of employees dealing with a hostile environment. The weakness in this code is that it’s sometimes inconsistent with one another. Most of the complaints are based on the individual experience; there is no actual witness or persons involved. That makes it inconsistent. Code of Ethics The Phar-Mor Code of Ethics Phar-Mor strives to be the leading retailer in providing the lowest priced and highest quality goods for our communities, while delivering exemplary levels of customer service. Phar-Mor believes in providing a positive and ethical working environment to help guide all employees in word and action, which promotes an unshakable framework of integrity and trust between all stakeholders. Phar-Mor endeavors to proactively contribute to its communities through local philanthropies, scholarship programs, and community service.Phar-Mor appreciates and respects all employees equally and strives to reward hard work, and provide training to enhance the value of all employees. Phar-Mor believes in providing a safe, secure, and healthy working environment, and stands behind a zero-tolerance policy of any discrimination or harassment. Phar-Mor maintains both an open-door policy, which respects the concerns and suggestions of all employees and strives to continually impr ove the organization based on these recommendations. Also, Phar-Mor upholds a whistle-blower policy, which guarantees the anonymity of employees who courageously choose to report illicit activity.Phar-Mor is committed to maintaining high standards of integrity in all customer relationships. Phar-Mor strives to achieve customers’ satisfaction by providing the best services, products and prices through ethical and socially responsible practices. Phar-Mor understands the importance of communicating clearly with its customers, which fosters trust, openness, and a thorough understanding of the spirit of Phar-Mor. Phar-Mor does not make any promises unless they believe that they will be able to keep.Phar-Mor respects the privacy of its customers' confidential information by protecting it and make sure it is in safe place. Phar-Mor maintains integrity with its shareholders through proper use of its assets and property in its effort to continually create shareholder and value. Phar-M or strives to present accurate and honest records and reports that will reflect the true financial situation of the company to provide investors the ability to make accurate decisions. Phar-Mor strictly upholds high accounting standards and provides complete and detailed accounts of all relevant transactions, assets, and accounts.Phar-Mor operates business based on honesty and fairness and upholds strict policies against bribery, corruption, and unethical practices with suppliers. Phar-Mor believes in prompt payments to suppliers and encourages collaboration to find the most effective and efficient logistical system, which will enhance cost savings that will be passed on to its customers. Phar-Mor works to serve and uphold the communities, in which it operates, through strict adherence to the laws, as well as proactively managing its environmental impact.Phar-Mor believes in contributing a portion of its profit to the local communities through donations to local schools for sports a nd scholarships, volunteer work with nonprofit organizations, and community service. Phar-Mor’s code of ethics is addressed to all company stakeholders including all who directly and indirectly work toward the company’s objectives. Phar-Mor maintains easily accessible channels of communication, including anonymous hotlines and access to management, which can be used by personnel to report violations of the code or make suggestions to improve the code of ethics.Phar-Mor then reviews and takes necessary action if any violations are ascertained or improvements are warranted. Phar-Mor is committed to foster and ensure an appropriate understanding of the code of ethics and to disseminate knowledge of the code among all stakeholders through internal and external publications and annual statements. Phar-Mor strives to obtain valuable feedback through a unique feedback system on the effectiveness of the code of ethics. Suggestions are openly accepted and every year the review committee evaluates the suggestions and any other required compliances and includes/modifies the code of ethics. Code of Ethics The Phar-Mor Code of Ethics Phar-Mor strives to be the leading retailer in providing the lowest priced and highest quality goods for our communities, while delivering exemplary levels of customer service. Phar-Mor believes in providing a positive and ethical working environment to help guide all employees in word and action, which promotes an unshakable framework of integrity and trust between all stakeholders. Phar-Mor endeavors to proactively contribute to its communities through local philanthropies, scholarship programs, and community service.Phar-Mor appreciates and respects all employees equally and strives to reward hard work, and provide training to enhance the value of all employees. Phar-Mor believes in providing a safe, secure, and healthy working environment, and stands behind a zero-tolerance policy of any discrimination or harassment. Phar-Mor maintains both an open-door policy, which respects the concerns and suggestions of all employees and strives to continually impr ove the organization based on these recommendations. Also, Phar-Mor upholds a whistle-blower policy, which guarantees the anonymity of employees who courageously choose to report illicit activity.Phar-Mor is committed to maintaining high standards of integrity in all customer relationships. Phar-Mor strives to achieve customers’ satisfaction by providing the best services, products and prices through ethical and socially responsible practices. Phar-Mor understands the importance of communicating clearly with its customers, which fosters trust, openness, and a thorough understanding of the spirit of Phar-Mor. Phar-Mor does not make any promises unless they believe that they will be able to keep.Phar-Mor respects the privacy of its customers' confidential information by protecting it and make sure it is in safe place. Phar-Mor maintains integrity with its shareholders through proper use of its assets and property in its effort to continually create shareholder and value. Phar-M or strives to present accurate and honest records and reports that will reflect the true financial situation of the company to provide investors the ability to make accurate decisions. Phar-Mor strictly upholds high accounting standards and provides complete and detailed accounts of all relevant transactions, assets, and accounts.Phar-Mor operates business based on honesty and fairness and upholds strict policies against bribery, corruption, and unethical practices with suppliers. Phar-Mor believes in prompt payments to suppliers and encourages collaboration to find the most effective and efficient logistical system, which will enhance cost savings that will be passed on to its customers. Phar-Mor works to serve and uphold the communities, in which it operates, through strict adherence to the laws, as well as proactively managing its environmental impact.Phar-Mor believes in contributing a portion of its profit to the local communities through donations to local schools for sports a nd scholarships, volunteer work with nonprofit organizations, and community service. Phar-Mor’s code of ethics is addressed to all company stakeholders including all who directly and indirectly work toward the company’s objectives. Phar-Mor maintains easily accessible channels of communication, including anonymous hotlines and access to management, which can be used by personnel to report violations of the code or make suggestions to improve the code of ethics.Phar-Mor then reviews and takes necessary action if any violations are ascertained or improvements are warranted. Phar-Mor is committed to foster and ensure an appropriate understanding of the code of ethics and to disseminate knowledge of the code among all stakeholders through internal and external publications and annual statements. Phar-Mor strives to obtain valuable feedback through a unique feedback system on the effectiveness of the code of ethics. Suggestions are openly accepted and every year the review committee evaluates the suggestions and any other required compliances and includes/modifies the code of ethics.